{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T14:01:32Z","timestamp":1780236092027,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The field effect describes the phenomena where environmental exposures, infection, and genetic predisposition result in molecular changes in cells that predispose them to developing cancer. Though this is a well-established concept in pathology, it remains underexplored in the context of high-resolution omics. We utilized the Diagnostic Evidence Gauge of Single Cells (DEGAS) deep transfer learning framework to analyze prostate cancer spatial transcriptomics to identify cells and tissues that are highly associated with cancer progression. DEGAS highlighted morphologically benign glands with reduced expression of microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB), a differentiation marker downregulated in aggressive tumors. These glands have upregulated genes associated with antigen presentation and aggressive neoplasms. Integration of single-cell transcriptomics and deep learning image analysis separately revealed altered immune-cell infiltration, suggesting a complex interplay in the tumor environment, facilitating aggressiveness. We used immunohistochemistry to quantify the MSMB protein (PSP-94) expression in morphologically normal and tumor tissues from patients with and without 5-year distant metastasis. Samples from patients who developed metastasis consistently showed lower fractions of positively stained cells, indicating a subtle yet significant \u201cfield effect\u201d in seemingly benign regions. These proteomic results validate the transcriptomic findings and further underscore that inflammatory or immune-related changes in ostensibly normal tissue may contribute to aggressive disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzaf119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T19:05:43Z","timestamp":1764443143000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep Transfer Learning Links Benign Glands to Prostate Cancer Progression via Transcriptomics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-2738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin L","family":"Couetil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5465-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN 47907,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3776-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed K","family":"Alomari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8530-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Sciences, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-7905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis S","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Sciences, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, IU School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Indiana Biosciences Research Institute , Indianapolis, IN 46202,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026053109314595300_qzaf119-B1"},{"key":"2026053109314595300_qzaf119-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgs035","article-title":"Trends in prostate cancer in the United States","volume":"2012","author":"Brawley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"2026053109314595300_qzaf119-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12508","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512508","article-title":"Can we predict prostate cancer metastasis based on biomarkers? 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