{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T20:46:04Z","timestamp":1791751564203,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a severe autoimmune disease, is known to relapse frequently after treatment, none of the previous single-cell studies have examined the immune dynamics and their potential contribution to this relapse in the real clinical setting. To address this issue, here we employed single-cell multi-omics profiling to delineate immune repertoire dynamics during the immunosuppressant-based standard of care. Further analysis showed that the canonical therapy fails to restore various critical abnormalities, including the drop in mutational load of B and plasma cells, and the clonal expansion of CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ memory T cells. We also integrated our data with published SLE datasets to compile a comprehensive SLE immune atlas of about 1.6 million cells. Our study provides valuable data and sheds light on the underlying multifaceted unresolved dysregulation upon SLE immunosuppressant therapy under the real clinical setting; such dysregulation may further contribute to the high post-treatment relapse rate and thus call for additional target-specific treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzag105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T19:57:23Z","timestamp":1791748643000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunosuppressant-refractory Multifaceted Immune Dysregulations for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Chen-Rui","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research , School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking University , School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Yan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College. National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID) Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research , School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking University , School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine , Beijing 100850,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiu-Liang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College. National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID) Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College. National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID) Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Ping","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College. National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID) Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College. National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID) Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Modulation Research , School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking University , School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovative Center (BIOPIC) & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Center for Bioinformatics (CBI), , Beijing 100871,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College. National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID) Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, , , , Ministry of Science & Technology. , . , Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"container-title":["Genomics, Proteomics &amp; Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzag105\/71840199\/qzag105.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzag105\/71840199\/qzag105.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T19:57:23Z","timestamp":1791748643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gpb\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzag105\/8907462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzag105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1672-0229","2210-3244"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1672-0229","type":"print"},{"value":"2210-3244","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"article-number":"qzag105"}}