{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:52:01Z","timestamp":1791946321405,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, all US states provided emergency allotments (EA) to enrollees of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) to alleviate rising food insecurity. However, 18 states opted out of the SNAP-EA program before its official expiration in February 2023. Using a staggered difference-in-differences model to account for state-level variation in the timing of the SNAP-EA opt-out decisions, we analyzed SNAP and SNAP-EA data from the US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service to quantify the impact of state opt-out decisions on SNAP benefit size and enrollment. We found that the average SNAP monthly benefit among 18 SNAP opt-out states was reduced by $183 (95% confidence interval [CI]: \u2212$214, \u2212$152) per beneficiary. The percentage of the state population enrolled in the SNAP program among the opt-out states modestly decreased by 0.35 (95% CI: \u22120.61, \u22120.10) percentage points. Additionally, we employed logistic regression models to associate state opt-out decisions with state-level characteristics. We found that the state governor's political party being Republican was the only significant predictor for the state's opt-out decisions. Our findings help explain why opting out of SNAP-EA has been associated with higher food insufficiency and shed light on the impact of political decisions to opt out of SNAP-EA on the lives of millions of Americans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxae109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T14:13:14Z","timestamp":1724767994000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effects of SNAP emergency allotments on state-level SNAP benefits and enrollment during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"David R","family":"Steffen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David D","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B1","volume-title":"SNAP COVID-19 Emergency Allotments Guidance Memorandum","author":"Shahin","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B2","volume-title":"SNAP Emergency Allotments (EA) Provision in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023","author":"English","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B3","volume-title":"Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)\u2014Emergency Allotments","author":"Shahin","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17016\/FEDS.2023.046","article-title":"Termination of SNAP Emergency Allotments, Food Sufficiency, and Economic Hardships","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Finance and Economics Discussion Series"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B5","article-title":"The impact of SNAP emergency allotments on SNAP benefits and food insufficiency","author":"Schanzenbach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Institute for Policy Research Rapid Research Report"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107784","article-title":"Association of emergency allotment discontinuation with household food insufficiency in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"177","author":"Sanjeevi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232511","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.2511","article-title":"Associations between ending Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program emergency allotments and food insufficiency","volume":"4","author":"Richterman","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B8","author":"Hall"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B9"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B10"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001","article-title":"Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods","volume":"225","author":"Callaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Econom."},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B12","author":"Callaway","year":"2024"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B13"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B14"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B15","article-title":"Using a Policy Index To Capture Trends and Differences in State Administration of USDA's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program","volume":"244","author":"Stacy","year":"2018","journal-title":"USDA Economic Research Service Economic Research Report"},{"key":"2024092614355390300_qxae109-B16","author":"Beshear"}],"container-title":["Health Affairs 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