{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:24:49Z","timestamp":1789075489141,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Financial strain is common in the United States and associated with substance use. We examined whether eligibility for the federal Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the largest US anti-poverty program, affected financial strain and drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a difference-in-difference design with data from the Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Wave 1 Adult Survey, a nationally representative survey of US adults, we estimated short-term EITC-associated changes in past-month financial strain, cannabis use, and central nervous system (CNS) depressant use for EITC-eligible people during the EITC disbursement period. Interview timing during\/outside the disbursement period was independent of individual characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 15.4% of adults were EITC-eligible with refunds \u2265$500. Unadjusted prevalences of financial strain among EITC-eligible persons were 35.2% outside and 32.2% during the disbursement period. Refunds were associated with significantly lower financial strain (\u03b2 = \u22124.5% [\u22128.9%, \u22120.1%]) vs EITC-ineligible individuals. Unadjusted prevalences of cannabis use in both periods were 10.7% and 9.8% in EITC-eligible vs 7.8% and 7.6% among EITC-ineligible; corresponding CNS depressant unadjusted prevalences were 6.3% and 6.6% in EITC-eligible and 4.9% and 4.7% among EITC-ineligible. There were no significant EITC-associated differences in drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings support generous EITC refunds, with no evidence that financially supporting low-income people increased drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxag016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T12:37:34Z","timestamp":1769258254000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Earned Income Tax Credit and short-term changes in financial strain and drug use"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Gutkind","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY 10022 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie M","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M","family":"Keyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York, NY 10032 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3059-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia 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