{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T16:10:41Z","timestamp":1789143041468,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This article examines the historical evolution of prescription drug pricing policy in the United States from the 1960s through 2025, highlighting how incremental reforms have produced a complex and fragmented system. It traces the foundations of drug pricing across Medicaid, Medicare, the Veterans Affairs (VA) system, and the 340B Drug Discount program, emphasizing the development of key pricing benchmarks such as Average Wholesale Price (AWP), Average Manufacturer Price (AMP), and Average Sales Price (ASP). The analysis details major legislative milestones affecting drug pricing, including the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1990, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010, and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022, and explains how these reforms reshaped reimbursement, rebates, cost of the prescription drugs, and access to medications. The article also identifies the various consequences of policy design, including the Medicaid \u201cbest price\u201d provisions, growth in state Medicaid program supplemental rebates, and changes in prescription drug spending and reimbursement. Understanding the trajectory of policy reform is critical to identifying opportunities for improving affordability, access, and transparency in prescription drug markets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxag216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:45:46Z","timestamp":1787921146000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History of drug pricing reform in the United States: from policy foundations to latest reforms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8792-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujith","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy , University, MS 38677 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy , University, MS 38677 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7243-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Arabshomali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy , University, MS 38677 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Coster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy, Center for Medicaid and CHIP Services , Baltimore, MD 21244 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Medicare Drug Rebate and Negotiation Group, Center for Medicare, CMS , Baltimore, MD 21244 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2025.01683","article-title":"National health care spending increased 7.2 percent in 2024 as utilization remained elevated","volume":"45","author":"Hartman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B2","author":"Sparks"},{"key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B3","author":"Mykyta"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.74.5091","article-title":"Association of patient out-of-pocket costs with prescription abandonment and delay in fills of novel oral anticancer agents","volume":"36","author":"Doshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2022.2144923","article-title":"Medication nonadherence: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions","volume":"38","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Health."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07334-y","article-title":"Chronic medication nonadherence and potentially preventable healthcare utilization and spending among Medicare patients","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176034","article-title":"Understanding treatment adherence in chronic diseases: challenges, consequences, and strategies for improvement","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3109\/J058v02n01_07","article-title":"Pharmacists' use of average wholesale price in pricing prescriptions","volume":"2","author":"Kreling","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pharm Mark Manage."},{"key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B9","author":"Berndt"},{"key":"2026091111365173100_qxag216-B10","author":"Rep. 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