{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:00:43Z","timestamp":1790362843950,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HG011792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HG011792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK092924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK092924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The one-size-fits-all approach to dietary and metabolic interventions often fails to improve population health outcomes. This problem has been made more urgent by the rise of GLP-1 receptor agonist medications for obesity, which are high-cost but have variable patient outcomes. Precision nutrition (PN) testing has the potential to address this gap by using biomarkers, such as genetics and metabolic profiles, to predict individual responses to foods and drug therapies. Although some PN tests are on the market, most are not FDA-approved or covered by insurers, requiring out-of-pocket payment and creating access disparities. In this Commentary, we draw on experience from precision medicine to argue that payers, developers, regulators, and professional societies must begin building the evidence and coverage infrastructure for PN testing now. Payer coverage will require demonstrated clinical utility and defined clinical pathways that guide who should be tested and how results should change care. The policy question is not whether current tests should be covered; they should not be broadly covered without evidence, but whether the health system is preparing for equitable implementation once validated tests emerge. Building evidence and coverage infrastructure proactively will help ensure that future PN testing innovations improve population health equitably rather than widen existing disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxag247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:51:37Z","timestamp":1788616297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision nutrition testing is the future of personalized care: evidence and coverage policies for equitable access"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9746-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danea M","family":"Horn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational and Policy Research on Precision Medicine (TRANSPERS) Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2292-5189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary","family":"Seligman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational and Policy Research on Precision Medicine (TRANSPERS) Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B1","author":"NIH"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089477","article-title":"Factors associated with weight loss response to GLP-1 analogues for obesity treatment: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"15","author":"Squire","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/haschl\/qxae107","article-title":"Personalized nutrition: aligning science, regulation, and marketing","volume":"2","author":"Rogus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Aff Sch"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.09.2405","article-title":"Assessing the value and implications of personalized\/precision medicine and the \u201clessons learned\u201d for emerging technologies: an introduction","volume":"20","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"8115","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10330-z","article-title":"Genetic predictors of GLP1 receptor agonist weight loss and side effects","volume":"653","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz008","article-title":"Trends in BRCA test utilization in an integrated health system, 2005\u20132015","volume":"111","author":"Knerr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30621","article-title":"Racial disparities in BRCA testing and cancer risk management across a population-based sample of young breast cancer survivors","volume":"123","author":"Cragun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.04.002","article-title":"Consensus report of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: incorporating genetic testing into nutrition care","volume":"121","author":"Braakhuis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.24288","article-title":"World health organization guideline on the use and indications of glucagon-like peptide-1 therapies for the treatment of obesity in adults","volume":"335","author":"Celletti","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026092514255060000_qxag247-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16364","article-title":"Real-world evidence on the utilization, clinical and comparative effectiveness, and adverse effects of newer GLP-1RA-based weight-loss therapies","volume":"27 Suppl 2","author":"Thomsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"}],"container-title":["Health Affairs Scholar"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/healthaffairsscholar\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/haschl\/qxag247\/70976836\/qxag247.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/healthaffairsscholar\/article-pdf\/4\/9\/qxag247\/70976836\/qxag247.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/healthaffairsscholar\/article-pdf\/4\/9\/qxag247\/70976836\/qxag247.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:25:57Z","timestamp":1790360757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/healthaffairsscholar\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/haschl\/qxag247\/8786741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/haschl\/qxag247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-5390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-5390","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"qxag247"}}