{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:11:03Z","timestamp":1780531863911,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a global problem with profound consequences. Although there is a growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of VAWG prevention interventions, economic data are scarce. We carried out a cross-country study to examine the costs of VAWG prevention interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We collected primary cost data on six different pilot VAWG prevention interventions in six countries: Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia. The interventions varied in their delivery platforms, target populations, settings and theories of change. We adopted a micro-costing methodology. We calculated total costs and a number of unit costs common across interventions (e.g. cost per beneficiary reached). We used the pilot-level cost data to model the expected total costs and unit costs of five interventions scaled up to the national level. Total costs of the pilots varied between \u223cUS $208 000 in a small group intervention in South Africa to US $2 788 000 in a couples and community-based intervention in Rwanda. Staff costs were the largest cost input across all interventions; consequently, total costs were sensitive to staff time use and salaries. The cost per beneficiary reached in the pilots ranged from \u223cUS $4 in a community-based intervention in Ghana to US $1324 for one-to-one counselling in Zambia. When scaled up to the national level, total costs ranged from US $32 million in Ghana to US $168 million in Pakistan. Cost per beneficiary reached at scale decreased for all interventions compared to the pilots, except for school-based interventions due to differences in student density per school between the pilot and the national average. The costs of delivering VAWG prevention vary greatly due to differences in the geographical reach, number of intervention components and the complexity of adapting the intervention to the country. Cost-effectiveness analyses are necessary to determine the value for money of interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T20:32:31Z","timestamp":1583872351000},"page":"855-866","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["What will it cost to prevent violence against women and girls in low- and middle-income countries? Evidence from Ghana, Kenya, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Africa and Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Torres-Rueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Orangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O Box 43640 \u2013 00100, 197 Lenana Place, Off Lenana Road, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regis","family":"Hitimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Rwanda, Remera Campus, P.O. Box 3286, Kigali KG 11 Avenue, Gasabo, Kigali, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Daviaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zyl Drive, Parow Valley, Cape Town 7503, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Tawiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Kyerewaa Dwommoh","family":"Prah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozina","family":"Karmaliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery and Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, National Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonah","family":"Kapapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Administration, P.O Box 31990 Plot No. 4810, Dushanbe Road, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwine","family":"Barasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O Box 43640 \u2013 00100, 197 Lenana Place, Off Lenana Road, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Jewkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 1 Soutpansberg Road, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Vassall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612604","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1612604","article-title":"Rural response system to prevent violence against women: methodology for a community randomised controlled trial in the central region of Ghana","volume":"12","author":"Addo-Lartey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213359","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for sexual assault among class 6 female students in unplanned settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: baseline analysis from the IMpower & Sources of Strength cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.002","article-title":"Sexual violence against women: the scope of the problem","volume":"27","author":"Dartnall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B4","volume-title":"DfID\u2019s Approach to Value for Money (VfM)","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B5","year":"2014"},{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"10","author":"Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"2020101313545211000_czaa024-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240937","article-title":"Global health. 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