{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:36:22Z","timestamp":1791318982574,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UM1-AI068619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1-AI068619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UM1-AI068617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1-AI068617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UM1-AI068613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1-AI068613"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Initiative for Impact Evaluation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the National Institute of Mental Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The global expansion of HIV testing, prevention and treatment services is necessary to achieve HIV epidemic control and promote individual and population health benefits for people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Community-based health workers (CHWs) could play a key role in supporting implementation at scale. In the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa, a cadre of 737 study-specific CHWs, working closely with government-employed CHW, were deployed to deliver a \u2018universal\u2019 door-to-door HIV prevention package, including an annual offer of HIV testing and referral services for all households in 14 study communities. We conducted a process evaluation using qualitative and quantitative data collected during the trial (2013\u20132018) to document the implementation of the CHW intervention in practice. We focused on the recruitment, retention, training and support of CHWs, as they delivered study-specific services. We then used these descriptions to: (i) analyse the fidelity to design of the delivery of the intervention package, and (ii) suggest key insights for the transferability of the intervention to other settings. The data included baseline quantitative data collected with the study-specific CHWs (2014\u20132018); and qualitative data from key informant interviews with study management (n\u2009=\u200991), observations of CHW training events (n\u2009=\u200912) and annual observations of and group discussions (GD) with intervention staff (n\u2009=\u200968). We show that it was feasible for newly recruited CHWs to implement the PopART intervention with good fidelity, supporting the interpretation of the trial outcome findings. This was despite some challenges in managing service quality and CHW retention in the early years of the programme. We suggest that by prioritizing the adoption of key elements of the in-home HIV services delivery intervention model\u2014including training, emotional support to workers, monitoring and appropriate remuneration for CHWs\u2014these services could be successfully transferred to new settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T13:46:30Z","timestamp":1612878390000},"page":"881-890","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Community-based health workers implementing universal access to HIV testing and treatment: lessons from South Africa and Zambia\u2014HPTN 071 (PopART)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-6639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lario","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tila","family":"Mainga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambart, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozanne","family":"Casper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Mubekapi-Musadaidzwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dillon T","family":"Wademan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia A","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambart, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Global Health and Development Department, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triantafyllos","family":"Pliakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiti","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambart, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Stangl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC, USA"},{"name":"Hera Solutions, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwelwa","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambart, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwame","family":"Shanaube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambart, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College NIHR BRC, Imperial College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Ayles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambart, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Hoddinott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Lower Level Clinical Building, Francie van Zijl Drive, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Seeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Floyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Mandla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Sabapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S H","family":"Eshleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Macleod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S H","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Shanaube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2018.v108i4.12755","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of ward-based outreach teams on primary healthcare performance in north west province, South Africa: a plausibility design using routine data","volume":"108","author":"Assegaai","year":"2018","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30064","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.30064","article-title":"Community health workers can improve male involvement in maternal health: evidence from rural Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"August","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e632","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30226-7","article-title":"The disconnect between individual-level and population-level HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment","volume":"6","author":"Baral","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet HIV"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26152","DOI":"10.3402\/qhw.v9.26152","article-title":"What can \u2018thematic analysis\u2019 offer health and wellbeing researchers?","volume":"9","author":"Braun","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-020-00287-y","article-title":"Social response to the delivery of HIV self-testing in households: experiences from four Zambian HPTN 071 (PopART) urban communities","volume":"17","author":"Bwalya","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600693","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission","volume":"375","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/napa.12062","article-title":"Extension agents or agents of change?","volume":"39","author":"Colvin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Anthropological Practice"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0219-y","article-title":"Harmonizing community-based health worker programs for HIV: a narrative review and analytic framework","volume":"15","author":"De Neve","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B9","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Epidemics and the Health of African Nations","author":"Di Paola","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70172-4","article-title":"Health benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of earlier eligibility for adult antiretroviral therapy and expanded treatment coverage: a combined analysis of 12 mathematical models","volume":"2","author":"Eaton","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197904","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197904","article-title":"Towards 90-90: findings after two years of the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomized trial of a universal testing-and-treatment intervention in Zambia Petersen ML (ed)","volume":"13","author":"Floyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171316","article-title":"Effects of a social accountability approach, CARE\u2019s Community Score Card, on reproductive health-related outcomes in Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Gullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czw071","article-title":"HIV-related stigma and universal testing and treatment for HIV prevention and care: design of an implementation science evaluation nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomized trial in Zambia and South Africa","volume":"31","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25455","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25455","article-title":"What do the Universal Test and Treat trials tell us about the path to HIV epidemic control?","volume":"23","author":"Havlir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-57","article-title":"HPTN 071 (PopART): Rationale and design of a cluster-randomised trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment\u2014a study protocol for a cluster randomised trial","volume":"15","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814556","article-title":"Effect of universal testing and treatment on HIV incidence\u2014HPTN 071 (PopART)","volume":"381","author":"Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0180640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180640","article-title":"Community health workers for noncommunicable diseases prevention and control in developing countries: evidence and implications","volume":"12","author":"Jeet","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0209","article-title":"Lay health workers and HIV care in rural lesotho: a report from the field","volume":"26","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care and STDs"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","article-title":"HIV infection and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: current status, challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Kharsany","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Open AIDS Journal"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2016.1179588","article-title":"Difficulties facing healthcare workers in the era of AIDS treatment in Lesotho","volume":"13","author":"Koto","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29294-6_14","volume-title":"Massachussetts General Hospital Handbook of Behavioural Medicine","author":"Magidson","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-10-44","article-title":"Knowledge and performance of the Ethiopian health extension workers on antenatal and delivery care: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Medhanyie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B23","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1258","article-title":"Process evaluation of complex interventions: medical Research Council guidance","volume":"350","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-018-0312-3","article-title":"Ethics of task shifting in the health workforce: exploring the role of community health workers in HIV service delivery in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"19","author":"Mundeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Medical Ethics"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18586","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.1.18586","article-title":"Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Mwai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.087825","article-title":"Lay health worker attrition: important but often ignored","volume":"89","author":"Nkonki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0315-7","article-title":"The use of low-cost Android tablets to train community health workers in Mukono, Uganda, in the recognition, treatment and prevention of pneumonia in children under five: a pilot randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000569","article-title":"The arc of HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa: new challenges with concentrating epidemics in the era of 90-90-90","volume":"14","author":"Ortblad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25048","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25048","article-title":"Comparative assessment of five trials of universal HIV testing and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"21","author":"Perriat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182354","article-title":"Community health workers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: an overview of their history, recent evolution, and current effectiveness","volume":"35","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0214-3","article-title":"An exploration of facilitators and challenges in the scale-up of a national, public sector community health worker cadre in Zambia: a qualitative study","volume":"15","author":"Phiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz081","article-title":"Decentralization in India\u2019s health sector: insights from a capacity building intervention in Karnataka","volume":"34","author":"Rao Seshadri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25037","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25037","article-title":"Predictors of timely linkage-to-ART within universal test and treat in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa: findings from a nested case-control study: findings","volume":"20","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B35","first-page":"59","author":"Schneider","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czn006","article-title":"Community health workers and the response to HIV\/AIDS in South Africa: tensions and prospects","volume":"23","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-016-0163-2","article-title":"The global pendulum swing towards community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of trends, geographical distribution and programmatic orientations, 2005 to 2014","volume":"14","author":"Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0304-x","article-title":"What do we know about community-based health worker programs? A systematic review of existing reviews on community health workers","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2335-7","article-title":"Understanding the time needed to link to care and start ART in seven HPTN 071 (PopART) study communities in Zambia and South Africa","volume":"23","author":"Seeley","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-015-0110-5","article-title":"Implementation of the Community Health Assistant (CHA) cadre in Zambia: a process evaluation to guide future scale-up decisions","volume":"41","author":"Shelley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1663361","article-title":"Opportunities for community health workers to contribute to global efforts to end tuberculosis","volume":"15","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12020","article-title":"Legacy, legitimacy, and possibility: an exploration of community health worker experiences across generations in Khayelitsha, South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Swartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medical Anthropology Quarterly"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B43","author":"The World Bank","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(85)90266-7","article-title":"Local politicization of primary health care as an instrument for development: A case study of community health workers in Zambia","volume":"20","author":"Twumasi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B45","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732319857059","article-title":"Unintended Consequences of Community Health Worker Programs in South Africa","volume":"29","author":"van de Ruit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.06.009","article-title":"The emergence of community health worker programmes in the late apartheid era in South Africa: an historical analysis","volume":"71","author":"van Ginneken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz133","article-title":"Expanding the use of community health workers in urban settings: a potential strategy for progress towards universal health coverage","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B49","volume-title":"WHO HIV Policy Adoption and Implementation Status in Countries","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czv109","article-title":"Resource needs and gap analysis in achieving universal access to HIV\/AIDS services: a data envelopment analysis of 45 countries","volume":"31","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy and Planning"},{"key":"2021070819034606400_czab019-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0696-4","article-title":"Innovation in health service delivery: integrating community health assistants into the health system at district level in Zambia","volume":"15","author":"Zulu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"}],"container-title":["Health Policy and Planning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/article-pdf\/36\/6\/881\/38827565\/czab019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/article-pdf\/36\/6\/881\/38827565\/czab019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T02:33:32Z","timestamp":1625798012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/article\/36\/6\/881\/6272133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czab019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2237"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2237","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]]}}}