{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:05:14Z","timestamp":1792785914571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK Cancer Research Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["108824001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108824001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UK Cancer Research Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["108824001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108824001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite being the most cost-effective tobacco control policy, tobacco taxation is the least implemented component of the World Health Organization MPOWER package to reduce smoking worldwide. In Mexico, both smoking prevalence and taxation have remained stable for more than a decade. This study aims to provide evidence about the potential effects of taxation to reduce the burden of tobacco-related diseases and the main attributable social costs in Mexico, including informal (unpaid) care costs, which are frequently ignored. We employ a first-order Monte Carlo microsimulation model that follows hypothetical population cohorts considering the risks of an adverse health event and death. First, we estimate tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality, direct medical costs and indirect costs, such as labour productivity losses and informal care costs. Then, we assess the potential effects of a 50% cigarette price increase through taxation and two alternative scenarios of 25% and 75%. The inputs come from several sources, including national surveys and vital statistics. Each year, 63\u2009000 premature deaths and 427\u2009000 disease events are attributable to tobacco in Mexico, while social costs amount to MX$194.6 billion (US$8.5)\u2014MX$116.2 (US$5.1) direct medical costs and MX$78.5 (US$3.4) indirect costs\u2014representing 0.8% of gross domestic product. Current tobacco tax revenue barely covers 23.3% of these costs. Increasing cigarette prices through taxation by 50% could reduce premature deaths by 49\u2009000 over the next decade, while direct and indirect costs averted would amount to MX$87.9 billion (US$3.8) and MX$67.6 billion (US$2.9), respectively. The benefits would far outweigh any potential loss even in a pessimistic scenario of increased illicit trade. Tobacco use imposes high social costs on the Mexican population, but tobacco taxation is a win-win policy for both gaining population health and reducing tobacco societal costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czae068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T17:05:29Z","timestamp":1723223129000},"page":"902-915","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Unlocking the power of tobacco taxation to mitigate the social costs of smoking in Mexico: a microsimulation model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3117-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Saenz-de-Miera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Autonomous University of Baja California Sur , La Paz, Baja California Sur 23085,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Myriam","family":"Reynales-Shigematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Control and Preventive Department, National Institute of Public Health (INSP) , Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100,","place":["Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Economics (CHE), University of York , Heslington, York YO10 5DD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Bardach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS)\u2014CIESP-CONICET , Ravignani 2024, Buenos Aires, CABA 1414,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Casarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS) , Ravignani 2024, Buenos Aires, CABA 1414,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Espinola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS) , Ravignani 2024, Buenos Aires, CABA 1414,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico Rodriguez","family":"Cairoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS) , Ravignani 2024, Buenos Aires, CABA 1414,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Alcaraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health 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