{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T14:27:05Z","timestamp":1750343225643,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016991","name":"Consortium pour la recherche \u00e9conomique en Afrique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RT19535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT19535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016991","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016991","name":"Consortium pour la recherche \u00e9conomique en Afrique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RT19535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT19535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016991","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The results-based financing (RBF) programme, first implemented in Zimbabwe in 2011 and gradually expanded to other districts, aimed to address disparities in maternal health outcomes by improving the utilization of health services. This study leverages the staggered rollout of the programme as a quasi-experimental design to assess its impact on asset wealth-related inequalities in selected maternal health outcomes. The objective is to determine whether RBF can effectively reduce these disparities and promote equitable healthcare access. We employ an extended two-way fixed effects (ETWFE) model to exploit temporal variation in RBF implementation as well as individual-level variation in birth timing for identification. Utilizing pooled cross-sectional and nationally representative data from the Zimbabwe demographic and health surveys collected between 1999 and 2015, our analysis reveals significant reductions in relative and absolute maternal health inequalities, especially in the frequency and timing of prenatal care, delivery by caesarean section and family planning. Specifically, the RBF programme is associated with reductions in disparities for completing at least four or more prenatal care visits (\u22120.026, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), first-trimester prenatal care (\u22120.033, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), delivery by caesarean section (\u22120.028, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.005) and family planning (\u22120.033, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.005). Additionally, the programme is associated with improved prenatal care quality, as evidenced by progress on the prenatal care quality index (\u22120.040, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). These effects are more pronounced among lower socio-economic groups in RBF districts, highlighting RBF\u2019s potential to promote equitable healthcare access. Our findings advocate for targeted policy interventions prioritizing expanding access to critical maternal health services in underserved areas and incorporating equity-focused measures within RBF frameworks to ensure inclusive and effective healthcare delivery in Zimbabwe and other low-income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czae080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T09:35:58Z","timestamp":1724664958000},"page":"1022-1031","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Closing the gap? Results-based financing and socio-economic-related inequalities in maternal health outcomes in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2005-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marshall","family":"Makate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics and Data Analytics, School of Population Health, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1585-4191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyasha","family":"Mahonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Finance, University of the Witwatersrand , P Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024112604360248400_R1","first-page":"941","article-title":"Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care","volume":"53","author":"Arrow","year":"1963","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001390","article-title":"Measuring coverage in MNCH: determining and interpreting inequalities in coverage of maternal, newborn, and child health interventions","volume":"10","author":"Barros","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60177-3","article-title":"Effect on maternal and child health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health-care providers for performance: an impact evaluation","volume":"377","author":"Basinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2007.10.008","article-title":"Using an asset index to assess trends in poverty in seven sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"36","author":"Booysen","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Development"},{"article-title":"Geographic displacement procedure and georeferenced data release policy for the Demographic and Health Surveys","year":"2013","author":"Burgert","key":"2024112604360248400_R5"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001","article-title":"Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods","volume":"225","author":"Callaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00321-5","article-title":"On the measurement of relative and absolute income-related health inequality","volume":"55","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.083329","article-title":"Low use of contraception among poor women in Africa: an equity issue","volume":"89","author":"Creanga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"2024112604360248400_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169","article-title":"Two-way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects","volume":"110","author":"De Chaisemartin","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"article-title":"Improving Effective Coverage in Health: Do Financial Incentives Work? 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