{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:20:29Z","timestamp":1791339629259,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":233,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UK\u2019s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Financial protection is a key goal for universal health coverage, but globally, this indicator has been lagging, especially for low-income households. Understanding how to improve it is urgent. This rapid evidence review examined the effectiveness of interventions, which affected financial protection in health across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A systematic search of published literature identified empirical studies reporting on outcomes such as out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic spending, impoverishment, and care foregone for financial reasons, with data extracted and categorized using structured tools. A narrative synthesis was used to interpret the evidence. The review included 214 studies published between 1999 and 2024, covering interventions in 39 countries. About one-quarter of studies assessed equity, often revealing mixed or regressive effects. Financial protection is affected through multiple channels, but evaluations still largely focus on health-sector-specific interventions, failing to examine potentially impactful wider policies. Insurance schemes were the most studied intervention type, with mixed results. Demand-side financing, such as vouchers or cash transfers, and user fee reforms often struggled to benefit the poorest due to structural barriers and indirect costs. Provider payment reforms were more likely than other categories to show adverse effects, including unintended supplier behaviour changes that drove up OOPE and costs to the system. Less frequently evaluated interventions, such as social protection and behaviour change programmes, showed some positive effects. Whilst no single intervention consistently ensured financial protection, the evidence points to the value of interventions that act across multiple sectors and health areas. Designing reforms with an explicit objective of improving financial protection, with local context, system capacity, and equity in mind and adjusting based on continuous monitoring, can support achievement of improved and equitable financial protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czag065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:49:45Z","timestamp":1778240985000},"page":"1307-1333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing intervention effects on healthcare-related financial protection in low- and middle-income countries: a rapid evidence review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Krista","family":"Kruja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evidence Link , Toronto, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouria","family":"Brikci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NBDev Consulting, London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Pl, London WC1H 9SH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Bertone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University , Queen Margaret University Drive, Edinburgh EH21 6UU ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"ReBUILD for Resilience Consortium, C\/O Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7656-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Witter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University , Queen Margaret University Drive, Edinburgh EH21 6UU ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"ReBUILD for Resilience Consortium, C\/O Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3716","article-title":"Is health insurance really benefitting Indian population? Evidence from a nationally representative sample survey","volume":"39","author":"Aashima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-014-9155-8","article-title":"The effect of social health insurance on prenatal care: the case of Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Abrokwah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Care Finance Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1605","article-title":"Impact evaluation of India\u2019s \u201cYeshasvini\u201d community-based health insurance programme","volume":"19","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3622","article-title":"The impact of health reform on poverty estimates in Iran: implications for monitoring the first goal of Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"38","author":"Ahmadnezhad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1833","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2900","article-title":"The impact of health reform in Iran on catastrophic health expenditures: equity and policy implications","volume":"34","author":"Ahmadnezhad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/27551938231179046","article-title":"Examining the effectiveness of financial protection schemes in reducing health inequality","volume":"53","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Soc Determinants Health Health Serv"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030298","article-title":"Do employer-sponsored health insurance schemes affect the utilisation of medically trained providers and out-of-pocket payments among ready-made garment workers? A case-control study in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10072995","article-title":"The impact of health insurance programs on out-of-pocket expenditures in Indonesia: an increase or a decrease?","volume":"10","author":"Aji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3023","article-title":"The impact of community-based health insurance on utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures in Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"24","author":"Alkenbrack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0540-1","article-title":"Understanding causal pathways within health systems policy evaluation through mediation analysis: an application to payment for performance (P4P) in Tanzania","volume":"12","author":"Anselmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0401-1","article-title":"Can health insurance protect against out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenditures and also support poverty reduction? Evidence from Ghana\u2019s National Health Insurance Scheme","volume":"15","author":"Aryeetey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B12","first-page":"390","article-title":"Iran\u2019s health reform plan: measuring changes in equity indices","volume":"47","author":"Assari Arani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2015.02.003","article-title":"The health care system reform in China: effects on out-of-pocket expenses and saving","volume":"34","author":"Atella","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Econ Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-20","article-title":"Health financing for the poor produces promising short-term effects on utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure: evidence from Vietnam","volume":"8","author":"Axelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2022.6767","article-title":"To what extent do free healthcare policies and performance-based financing reduce out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient services? Evidence from a quasi-experimental study in Burkina Faso","volume":"12","author":"Aye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5617","article-title":"New evidence on the impact of China\u2019s New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme and its implications for rural primary healthcare: multivariate difference-in-difference analysis","volume":"341","author":"Babiarz","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1673","article-title":"The impact of medical insurance for the poor in Georgia: a regression discontinuity approach","volume":"20","author":"Bauhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052041","article-title":"Identifying priorities for research on financial risk protection to achieve universal health coverage: a scoping overview of reviews","volume":"12","author":"Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135013","article-title":"Effect of paying for performance on utilisation, quality, and user costs of health services in Tanzania: a controlled before and after study","volume":"10","author":"Binyaruka","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-019-0493-3","article-title":"The impact of National Health Insurance upon accessibility of health services and financial protection from catastrophic health expenditure: a case study of Savannakhet province, the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"17","author":"Bodhisane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-022-00869-4","article-title":"The influence of the National Health Insurance scheme of the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic on healthcare access and catastrophic health expenditures for patients with chronic renal disease, and the possibility of integrating organ transplantation into the health financing system","volume":"20","author":"Bodhisane","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61273-8","article-title":"The effects of performance-based financing on the use and quality of health care in Burundi: an impact evaluation","volume":"381","author":"Bonfrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.03.035","article-title":"Voluntary health insurance in Nigeria: effects on takers and non-takers","volume":"205","author":"Bonfrer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3633-5","article-title":"Health financing strategies to reduce out-of-pocket burden in India: a comparative study of three states","volume":"18","author":"Bose","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009977","article-title":"Effects of a free health insurance programme for the poor on health service utilisation and financial protection in Senegal","volume":"7","author":"Bousmah","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06331-5","article-title":"Free access to antiretroviral treatment and protection against the risk of catastrophic health expenditure in people living with HIV: evidence from Cameroon","volume":"21","author":"Bousmah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-016-0083-9","article-title":"Extending health insurance in Ghana: effects of the National Health Insurance Scheme on maternity care","volume":"6","author":"Brugiavini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.07.027","article-title":"Financial protection mechanisms for inpatients at selected Philippine hospitals","volume":"75","author":"Caballes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.11016","article-title":"Impact of the national drug price negotiation policy on the utilization, cost, and accessibility of anticancer medicines in China: a controlled interrupted time series study","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114313","article-title":"Healthcare expenditures among the elderly in China: the role of catastrophic medical insurance","volume":"19","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1448","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30326-2","article-title":"Long-term effects of public health insurance on the health of children in Mexico: a retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Celhay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/wmh3.222","article-title":"Patient copayments, provider incentives and income effects: theory and evidence from the essential medications list under China\u2019s 2009 healthcare reform","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Med Health Policy"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-0982-6","article-title":"The effect of the health poverty alleviation project on financial risk protection for rural residents: evidence from Chishui City, China","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czac003","article-title":"The impacts of long-term care insurance on health care utilization and expenditure: evidence from China","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.09.023","article-title":"Impacts of the drug markup reduction policy on hospital expenditures of esophageal cancer surgery inpatients in Shanghai, China","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1021435","article-title":"The impact of medical financial assistance on healthcare expenses and the medical financial burden: evidence from rural China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09109-z","article-title":"How do inpatients\u2019 costs, length of stay, and quality of care vary across age groups after a new case-based payment reform in China? An interrupted time series analysis","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-010000","article-title":"Effect of kangaroo mother care initiated in community settings on financial risk protection of low-income households: a randomised controlled trial in Haryana. India","volume":"7","author":"Choudhary","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3285043","article-title":"Effects of drug price changes on patient expenditure: evidence from China\u2019s zero markup drug policy","volume":"2023","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116705","article-title":"Impact of the Essential Public Health Service program on financial protection and health outcomes among hypertensive patients: a quasi-experimental study in China","volume":"345","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.182842","article-title":"Effects of new rural cooperative medical scheme on medical service utilization and medical Expense control of inpatients: a 3-year empirical study of Hainan Province in China","volume":"129","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114456","article-title":"Payment mechanism and hospital admission: new evidence from Thailand healthcare reform","volume":"291","author":"Damrongplasit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B43","first-page":"465","article-title":"Financial protection indexes and the Iranian health transformation plan: a systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Darvishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007899.pub3","article-title":"Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"2021","author":"Diaconu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054713","article-title":"Impact of public health insurance coverage of novel anticancer medication on medical expenditure and patient affordability in a provincial medical centre of China: a propensity score-matching analysis with the quasi-experimental design","volume":"12","author":"Diao","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa023","article-title":"Treatment as insurance: HIV antiretroviral therapy offers financial risk protection in Malawi","volume":"35","author":"Dickerson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.10.018","article-title":"The impact of China\u2019s national essential medicine policy and its implications for urban outpatients: a multivariate difference-in-differences study","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.192075","article-title":"Impact of community-based health insurance in rural India on self-medication & financial protection of the insured","volume":"143","author":"Dror","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-016-0096-4","article-title":"Free health care for under-fives, expectant and recent mothers? Evaluating the impact of Sierra Leone\u2019s free health care initiative","volume":"6","author":"Edoka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.01.034","article-title":"Impact of health financing policies in Cambodia: a 20 year experience","volume":"177","author":"Ensor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219731","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219731","article-title":"The impact of public health insurance on health care utilisation, financial protection and health status in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Erlangga","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2915","article-title":"Out of pocket health expenditures in Turkey following introduction of co-payments along with improved primary care services","volume":"35","author":"Erus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-011-0306-2","article-title":"Impact of healthcare reforms on out-of-pocket health expenditures in Turkey for public insurees","volume":"13","author":"Erus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ. HEPAC Health Econ. Prev. Care"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-021-00286-4","article-title":"Change in health spending after implementation of a health transformation plan in Iran: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"19","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc CE"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0287600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287600","article-title":"Impact of community-based health insurance in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Eze","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu132","article-title":"Performance-based financing in the context of selective free health-care: an evaluation of its effects on the use of primary health-care services in Burundi using routine data","volume":"30","author":"Falisse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-012-9110-5","article-title":"State health insurance and out-of-pocket health expenditures in Andhra Pradesh, India","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Health Care Finance Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039157","article-title":"Health insurance coverage and impact: a survey in three cities in China","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz093","article-title":"Inequalities in the benefits of national health insurance on financial protection from out-of-pocket payments and access to health services: cross-sectional evidence from Ghana","volume":"34","author":"Fiestas Navarrete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.08.003","article-title":"Does health insurance improve health?: evidence from a randomized community-based insurance rollout in rural Burkina Faso","volume":"32","author":"Fink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2021.61","article-title":"Out-of-Pocket expenditures for delivery for maternity waiting home users and non-users in rural Zambia","volume":"11","author":"Fontanet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8268.12585","article-title":"Effect of the Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme on exit time from catastrophic healthcare expenditure","volume":"33","author":"Frimpong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr Dev Rev-Rev Afr Dev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.035","article-title":"Payment reform and changes in health care in China","volume":"111","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04134","article-title":"Equity in out-of-pocket health expenditure: evidence from a health insurance program reform in Mexico","volume":"13","author":"Garcia-Diaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09107-4","article-title":"Performance of India\u2019s national publicly funded health insurance scheme, Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogaya Yojana (PMJAY), in improving access and financial protection for hospital care: findings from household surveys in Chhattisgarh state","volume":"20","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03266-2","article-title":"Role of publicly funded health insurance in financial protection of the elderly from hospitalisation expenditure in India-findings from the longitudinal aging study","volume":"22","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00857-8","article-title":"Household expenditure on non-COVID hospitalisation care during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of financial protection policies in India","volume":"80","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4849-8","article-title":"Utilisation and financial protection for hospital care under publicly funded health insurance in three states in Southern India","volume":"19","author":"Garg","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Cochrane rapid reviews methods group offers evidence-informed guidance to conduct rapid reviews","volume":"130","author":"Garritty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab050","article-title":"Effectiveness of hospital payment reforms in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Ghazaryan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-319","article-title":"Addressing maternal healthcare through demand side financial incentives: experience of Janani Suraksha Yojana program in India","volume":"12","author":"Gopalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0755-x","article-title":"Healthcare utilization and expenditures for chronic and acute conditions in Georgia: does benefit package design matter?","volume":"15","author":"Gotsadze","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i2","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu095","article-title":"An impact evaluation of medical insurance for poor in Georgia: preliminary results and policy implications","volume":"30","author":"Gotsadze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu037","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the effect of public health insurance on catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures: the case of Mexico","volume":"30","author":"Grogger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4713-x","article-title":"Income related inequality and influencing factors: a study for the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in rural China","volume":"17","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1883-7","article-title":"Does the new cooperative medical scheme reduce inequality in catastrophic health expenditure in rural China?","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2937-9","article-title":"The role of micro health insurance in providing financial risk protection in developing countries-a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Habib","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czad115","article-title":"The effectiveness of a government-sponsored health protection scheme in reducing financial risks for the below-poverty-line population in Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"Hasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2018.08.013","article-title":"The effect of health insurance reform: evidence from China","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Econ Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2017.1336448","article-title":"The effects of global budget on cost control and readmission in rural China: a difference-in-difference analysis","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2017.38.5.296","article-title":"Does economic instability affect healthcare provision? Evidence based on the urban family physician program in Iran","volume":"38","author":"Homaie Rad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czs027","article-title":"Do equity funds protect the poor? Case studies from north-western Madagascar","volume":"28","author":"Honda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B83","author":"Hong"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmhs.2025.100055","article-title":"What influences the impact of health financing reforms? Using qualitative comparative analysis to identify patterns in health financing systems and their effects on financial protection","volume":"4","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"SSM Health Syst"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1050(199906)8:4&lt;309::aid-hec440&gt;;3.0.co;2-n","article-title":"The effects of economic reform on health insurance and the financial burden for urban workers in China","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2993-1","article-title":"Availability, use, and affordability of medicines in urban China under universal health coverage: an empirical study in Hangzhou and Baoji","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070809","article-title":"Tracking progress towards equitable maternal and child health in Yunnan: a systematic assessment for the Health Programme for Poverty Alleviation in China during 2015\u20132020","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02063-6","article-title":"The impact of urban-rural medical insurance integration on medical impoverishment: evidence from China","volume":"22","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-021-00301-8","article-title":"Strategies for reducing out of pocket payments in the health system: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Jalali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047699","article-title":"Perceived effect of financial risk protection by the Urban-Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance Scheme: a mixed-methods study of rural residents in China","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2019.1581620","article-title":"Does the critical illness insurance reduce patients\u2019 financial burden and benefit the poor more: a comprehensive evaluation in rural area of China","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0532-x","article-title":"Impact of an innovative financing and payment model on tuberculosis patients\u2019 financial burden: is tuberculosis care more affordable for the poor?","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053062","article-title":"Whether new cooperative medical schemes reduce the economic burden of chronic disease in rural China","volume":"8","author":"Jing","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B94","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Impacts of health reform plan in Iran on health payments distributions and catastrophic expenditure","volume":"48","author":"Joshani Kheibari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(02)00031-x","article-title":"The impact of public voluntary health insurance on private health expenditures in Vietnam","volume":"56","author":"Jowett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221146","article-title":"Out-of-pocket payment for primary healthcare in the era of national health insurance: evidence from northern Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Kanmiki","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539519862422","article-title":"The social health insurance scheme for pubic sector employees in Sri Lanka and its effect on reducing the financial burden of illness","volume":"31","author":"Karunaratna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.21149\/9064","article-title":"The effect of Seguro Popular de Salud on catastrophic and impoverishing expenditures in Mexico, 2004\u20132012","volume":"60","author":"Knaul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08101-3","article-title":"Does community-based health insurance protect women from financial catastrophe after cesarean section? A prospective study from a rural hospital in Rwanda","volume":"22","author":"Koch","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czz095","article-title":"The impact of reimbursed user fee exemption of health centre outpatient consultations for the poor in pluralistic health systems: lessons from a quasi-experiment in two rural health districts in Cambodia","volume":"34","author":"Korachais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-018-0187-5","article-title":"Analysis of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) financial protection policy: MDR-TB health insurance schemes, in Chhattisgarh state, India","volume":"8","author":"Kundu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-36","article-title":"Financial access to health care in Karuzi, Burundi: a household-survey based performance evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Lambert-Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1501","article-title":"The new cooperative medical scheme in rural China: does more coverage mean more service and better health?","volume":"18","author":"Lei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3589","article-title":"How effective and fair is user fee removal? Evidence from Zambia using a pooled synthetic control","volume":"27","author":"L\u00e9pine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245086","article-title":"Effect of critical illness insurance on household catastrophic health expenditure: the latest evidence from the National Health Service Survey in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2410-1","article-title":"An evaluation of China\u2019s new rural cooperative medical system: achievements and inadequacies from policy goals","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091554","article-title":"Effect of an integrated payment system on the direct economic burden and readmission of rural cerebral infarction inpatients: evidence from Anhui, China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3415-0","article-title":"Effectiveness evaluation of quota payment for specific diseases under global budget: a typical provider payment system reform in rural China","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244953","article-title":"China\u2019s new cooperative medical scheme\u2019s impact on the medical expenses of elderly rural migrants","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193528","article-title":"Impact of critical illness insurance on the burden of high-cost rural residents in central China: an interrupted time series study","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05675-8","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of serious illness medical insurance on relieving the economic burden of rural residents in China: a case study in Jinzhai County","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S438352","article-title":"Health poverty alleviation project in rural China: impact on poverty vulnerability, health Status, healthcare utilization, health expenditures","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e933","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00215-3","article-title":"The association of a disability-targeted cash transfer programme with disability status and health-care access: a quasi-experimental study using a nationwide cohort of 43 million Chinese adults living with severe disabilities","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czac086","article-title":"Evaluating health policies with subnational disparities: a text-mining analysis of the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Scheme in China","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0638-3","article-title":"Is the medical financial assistance program an effective supplement to social health insurance for low-income households in China? A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114271","article-title":"The impacts of multiple healthcare reforms on catastrophic health spending for poor households in China","volume":"285","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1072493","article-title":"Evaluation of the implementation effect of hepatitis C medical insurance reimbursement policy in China: a RWS based on medical institutions","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039282","article-title":"Towards universal health coverage: an evaluation of Rwanda mutuelles in its first eight years","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-063035","article-title":"Impact of community-based health insurance on healthcare utilisation and out-of-pocket expenditures for the poor in Senegal","volume":"12","author":"Ly","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010192","article-title":"Value-based health care: long-term care insurance for out-of-pocket medical expenses and self-rated health","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0361-5","article-title":"New cooperative medical scheme decreased financial burden but expanded the gap of income-related inequity: evidence from three provinces in rural China","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00683-7","article-title":"Does the medical insurance system play a real role in reducing catastrophic economic burden in elderly patients with cardiovascular disease in China? Implication for accurately targeting vulnerable characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.56808\/2586-940X.1012","article-title":"Iranian health transformation plan in physiotherapy services: comparison of household based financial outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Malekroudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Health Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40622-020-00257-3","article-title":"Assessing financial impact of a health intervention program and controlling spillover effects","volume":"48","author":"Maroof","year":"2021","journal-title":"DECISION"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.01.025","article-title":"Public insurance program impact on catastrophic health expenditure on acute myocardial infarction","volume":"158","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146508","article-title":"Does user fee removal policy provide financial protection from catastrophic health care payments? Evidence from Zambia","volume":"11","author":"Masiye","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.11.003","article-title":"The impact of Ethiopia\u2019s pilot community based health insurance scheme on healthcare utilization and cost of care","volume":"220","author":"Mebratie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4048-7","article-title":"Effect of a typical systemic hospital reform on inpatient expenditure for rural population: the Sanming model in China","volume":"19","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6962-3","article-title":"Cesarean delivery rates, costs and readmission of childbirth in the new cooperative medical scheme after implementation of an episode-based bundled payment (EBP) policy","volume":"19","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02865-3","article-title":"Associations of Chinese diagnosis-related group systems with inpatient expenditures for older people with hip fracture","volume":"22","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0799-8","article-title":"Improving the performance of social health insurance system through increasing outpatient expenditure reimbursement ratio: a quasi-experimental evaluation study from rural China","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.18.238","article-title":"A scoping review of components of physician-induced demand for designing a conceptual framework","volume":"52","author":"Mohammadshahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prev Med Pub Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12962-023-00460-w","article-title":"The impact of government subsidy programs on equity in health financing","volume":"21","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cost Eff Resour Alloc CE"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frhs.2024.1254195","article-title":"Impact of cash transfer programs on healthcare utilization and catastrophic health expenditures in rural Zambia: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Mori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Health Serv"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2018.957","article-title":"Has the Janani Suraksha Yojana (a conditional maternity benefit transfer scheme) succeeded in reducing the economic burden of maternity in rural India? Evidence from the Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh","volume":"7","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Public Health Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab073","article-title":"Financial protection and coping strategies in rural Uganda: an impact evaluation of community-based zero-interest healthcare loans","volume":"36","author":"Nannini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3492","article-title":"Progressive universalism? The impact of targeted coverage on health care access and expenditures in Peru","volume":"26","author":"Neelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S264943","article-title":"The study of out-of-pocket payment and the exposure of households with catastrophic health expenditures following the health transformation plan in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Nemati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czae004","article-title":"Effect of supplementary private health insurance on out-of-pocket inpatient medical expenditure: evidence from Malaysia","volume":"39","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133117000159","article-title":"The effect of universal health insurance for children in Vietnam","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13561-016-0111-9","article-title":"The impact of health insurance programs for children: evidence from Vietnam","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ Rev"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15500-6","article-title":"How public health insurance expansion affects healthcare utilizations in middle and low-income households: an observational study from national cross-section surveys in Vietnam","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2114","article-title":"The effects of free government health insurance among small children--evidence from the free care for children under six policy in Vietnam","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-10-4","article-title":"The financial protection effect of Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme: evidence from a study in two rural districts","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.11.030","article-title":"Encouraging maternal health service utilization: an evaluation of the Bangladesh voucher program","volume":"74","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300618","article-title":"Impact of health insurance on health care treatment and cost in Vietnam: a health capability approach to financial protection","volume":"102","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3980","article-title":"Re-examining the effects of public health insurance: the case of nonpoor children in Vietnam","volume":"29","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1510","article-title":"Membership in Seguro popular in Mexico linked to a small reduction in catastrophic health expenditure","volume":"37","author":"Nikoloski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-1000-3","article-title":"Community-level effect of the reproductive health vouchers program on out-of-pocket spending on family planning and safe motherhood services in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Obare","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-4887-2","article-title":"Does insurance protect individuals from catastrophic payments for surgical care? An analysis of Ghana\u2019s National Health Insurance Scheme at Korle-Bu teaching Hospital","volume":"20","author":"Okoroh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08917-z","article-title":"Short and longer-term impacts of health insurance on catastrophic health expenditures in Kwara State, Nigeria","volume":"22","author":"Okunogbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01923-5","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of the National Health Insurance Fund in providing financial protection to households with hypertension and diabetes patients in Kenya","volume":"22","author":"Oyando","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115187","article-title":"Does direct settlement of intra-province medical reimbursements improve financial protection among middle-aged and elderly population in China? Evidence based on CHARLS data","volume":"308","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2023.2227430","article-title":"Effects of the Indian National Health Insurance Scheme (PM-JAY) on hospitalizations. Out-of-pocket expenditures and catastrophic expenditures","volume":"9","author":"Parmar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Syst Reform"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11075-2","article-title":"The impacts of health insurance on financial strain for people with chronic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301507","article-title":"Cost-consequence analysis of ambulatory clinic- and home-based multidrug-resistant tuberculosis management models in Eswatini","volume":"19","author":"Peresu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001087","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001087","article-title":"The impact of user charges on health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109652","article-title":"Impact of a new reimbursement program on hepatitis B antiviral medication cost and utilization in Beijing, China","volume":"9","author":"Qiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114590","article-title":"Mandatory employer-sponsored health financing scheme for semiformal workers in Bangladesh: an experimental assessment","volume":"292","author":"Rabbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5431-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of government strategies for financial protection against costs of hospitalization care in India","volume":"18","author":"Ranjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3307","article-title":"Impact of community-based health insurance on access and financial protection: evidence from three randomized control trials in rural India","volume":"25","author":"Raza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-013-0553-5","article-title":"The impact of user fee removal policies on household out-of-pocket spending: evidence against the inverse equity hypothesis from a population based study in Burkina Faso","volume":"16","author":"Ridde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ HEPAC Health Econ Prev Care"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001771","article-title":"The effect of old-age pensions on health care utilization patterns and insurance uptake in Mexico","volume":"4","author":"Riumallo-Herl","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1147","article-title":"Progressive segmented health insurance: Colombian health reform and access to health services","volume":"16","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00984-7","article-title":"Effect of the National Health Insurance Scheme on healthcare utilization and out-of-pocket payment: evidence from GLSS 7","volume":"8","author":"Sarkodie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2216","article-title":"Microhealth insurance and the risk coping strategies for the management of illness in Karnataka: a case study","volume":"30","author":"Savitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-014-9158-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of micro health insurance on financial protection: evidence from India","volume":"15","author":"Savitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Health Econ Manag"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.06044","article-title":"Increase of catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures in Mexico associated to policy changes and the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Serv\u00e1n-Mori","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jhealthscope.96366","article-title":"Main factors leading to supplier-induced demand in Iran: a comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Seyedin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Scope"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-9-7","article-title":"The influence of the rural health security schemes on health utilization and household impoverishment in rural China: data from a household survey of western and central China","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.047","article-title":"Payments for health care and its effect on catastrophe and impoverishment: experience from the transition to Universal Coverage in Thailand","volume":"67","author":"Somkotra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5114","article-title":"Government health insurance for people below poverty line in India: quasi-experimental evaluation of insurance and health outcomes","volume":"349","author":"Sood","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B173","first-page":"S425","article-title":"[Impact of \u201cSeguro Popular\u201d on catastrophic and out-of-pocket health expenditures in rural and urban Mexico, 2005\u20132008]","volume":"53","author":"Sosa-Rub\u00ed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.09.043","article-title":"Social health insurance for the poor: targeting and impact of Indonesia\u2019s Askeskin programme","volume":"96","author":"Sparrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05692-7","article-title":"Effect of health insurance program for the poor on out-of-pocket inpatient care cost in India: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"Sriram","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3642","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to contain out-of-pocket-expenditure in lower-middle income countries: a systematic review and synthesis","volume":"38","author":"Sugunan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-09030-w","article-title":"Catastrophic health expenditure and its determinants in households with lung cancer patients in China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12611","article-title":"Protecting patients with cardiovascular diseases from catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment by health finance reform","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1660-7","article-title":"Effects of China\u2019s New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on reducing medical impoverishment in rural Yanbian: an alternative approach","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1346","article-title":"Catastrophic medical payment and financial protection in rural China: evidence from the New Cooperative Medical Scheme in Shandong Province","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06125-9","article-title":"Impact of free newborn care service package on out of pocket expenditure-evidence from a multicentric study in Nepal","volume":"21","author":"Sunny","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1017\/S174413311800018X","article-title":"Impacts of the type of social health insurance on health service utilisation and expenditures: implications for a unified system in China","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Econ Policy Law"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02062-7","article-title":"Changing inequity in health service utilization and financial burden among patients with hypertension in China: evidence from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), 2011\u20132018","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046579","article-title":"Does universal health coverage reduce out-of-pocket expenditures for medical consultations for people living with HIV in Senegal? An exploratory cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Taverne","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i33","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab083","article-title":"Effects of a new health financing scheme on out-of-pocket health expenditure: findings from a longitudinal household study in Yangon, Myanmar","volume":"36","author":"Thein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1635","article-title":"Social security health insurance for the informal sector in Nicaragua: a randomized evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Thornton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9065287","article-title":"Impact of health insurance on health care utilisation and out-of-pocket health expenditure in Vietnam","volume":"2020","author":"Thuong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-022-00391-5","article-title":"Does family medicine reduce household health expenditures: evidence from T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"44","author":"Tirgil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001540","article-title":"Effects of expanding a non-contributory health insurance scheme on out-of-pocket healthcare spending by the poor in Turkey","volume":"4","author":"Tirgil","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0430-z","article-title":"Impact of Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram on out-of-pocket expenditure among urban slum dwellers in Northern India","volume":"51","author":"Tripathi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3806","article-title":"How hospital autonomy affects provider payment reform effectiveness","volume":"39","author":"Tsuei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258532","article-title":"Catastrophic expenditure and impoverishment after caesarean section in Sierra Leone: an evaluation of the free health care initiative","volume":"16","author":"van Duinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B193","volume-title":"Measuring Financial Protection in Health (No. 4554)","author":"Wagstaff"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.10.007","article-title":"Extending health insurance to the rural population: an impact evaluation of China\u2019s new cooperative medical scheme","volume":"28","author":"Wagstaff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2022.100635","article-title":"The effect of a disability-targeted cash transfer program on universal health coverage and universal access to education: a nationwide cohort study of Chinese children and adolescents with disabilities","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-305","article-title":"Financial protection effects of modification of China\u2019s New Cooperative Medical Scheme on rural households with chronic diseases","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-1145-5","article-title":"Can the reform of integrating health insurance reduce inequity in catastrophic health expenditure? Evidence from China","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224316","article-title":"The effect of the full coverage of essential medicines policy on utilization and accessibility of primary healthcare service for rural seniors: a time series study in Qidong, China","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0733-0","article-title":"Social health insurance, healthcare utilization, and costs in middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in China","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-016-0412-y","article-title":"Cost and impact of policies to remove and reduce fees for obstetric care in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Morocco","volume":"15","author":"Witter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B201","volume-title":"Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2025 Global Monitoring Report","author":"World Health Organisation and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B202","volume-title":"Political Economy Analysis for Health Financing: a \u2018How to\u2019 Guide","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115384","article-title":"Can case-based payment contain healthcare costs?\u2014a curious case from China","volume":"312","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab107","article-title":"Analysing the impact of private health insurance on inequities in health care utilization: a longitudinal study from China","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-015-0094-5","article-title":"The impact of the new cooperative medical scheme on financial burden of tuberculosis patients: evidence from six counties in China","volume":"5","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2024.04.021","article-title":"How does diagnosis-related group payment impact the health care received by rural residents? Lessons learned from China","volume":"232","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0575-z","article-title":"The impact of increased reimbursement rates under the new cooperative medical scheme on the financial burden of tuberculosis patients","volume":"8","author":"Xin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193273","article-title":"Impact of universal medical insurance system on the accessibility of medical service supply and affordability of patients in China","volume":"13","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061074","article-title":"New health care reform and impoverishment among chronic households in China: a random-intercept approach","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194539","article-title":"Catastrophic health expenditure in households with chronic disease patients: a pre-post comparison of the New Health Care Reform in Shaanxi Province, China","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/17538963.2022.2094585","article-title":"Impacts of health insurance on health care utilization and health behaviors among older people in China","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"CHINA Econ J"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-022-01793-3","article-title":"What can we learn from China\u2019s health insurance reform to improve the horizontal equity of healthcare financing?","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt111","article-title":"Paying for outpatient care in rural China: cost escalation under China\u2019s New Co-operative Medical Scheme","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04083","article-title":"The impact of government reimbursement negotiation on targeted anticancer medicines use and cost in China: a cohort study based on national health insurance data","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czt002","article-title":"Financial protection in health in Turkey: the effects of the Health Transformation Programme","volume":"29","author":"Yardim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158473","article-title":"Comparing maternal services utilization and Expense reimbursement before and after the adjustment of the new rural cooperative medical scheme policy in rural China","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B217","first-page":"E22","article-title":"Full coverage for hypertension drugs in rural communities in China","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2021.100174","article-title":"The Impact of Catastrophic Medical Insurance in China: a five-year patient-level panel study","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-013-0079-9","article-title":"Impacts of health insurance benefit design on percutaneous coronary intervention use and inpatient costs among patients with acute myocardial infarction in Shanghai, China","volume":"32","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01379-5","article-title":"The impact of health insurance on poverty among rural older adults: an evidence from nine counties of western China","volume":"20","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1121772","article-title":"Research on the influence of patient cost-sharing on medical expenses and health outcomes: taking patients with heart failure as an example","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515612907","article-title":"Correlation between new cooperative medical scheme policy design and catastrophic medical payment: evidence from 25 counties in rural China","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2023.2258770","article-title":"County hospital responses to funding reforms in Zhejiang, China: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Syst. Reform"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S376516","article-title":"Impacts of a new episode-based payment scheme on volume, expenditures, and efficiency in public hospitals: a quasi-experimental interrupted time-series study in Jinhua, China","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003714","article-title":"Ten-year impacts of China\u2019s rural health scheme: lessons for universal health coverage","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3320","article-title":"Effects of public hospital reform on inpatient expenditures in rural China","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2018.10.005","article-title":"Effect of the catastrophic medical insurance on household catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from China","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036858","article-title":"Effect of critical illness insurance on the medical expenditures of rural patients in China: an interrupted time series study for universal health insurance coverage","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912936","article-title":"The effect of the \u201ctriple-layer medical security\u201d policy on the vulnerability as expected poverty of rural households: evidence from Yunnan Province, China","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1330-5","article-title":"Is Chinese national health insurance effective in the face of severe illness? A perspective from health service utilization and economic burden","volume":"132","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3722","article-title":"The role of primary health care in improving health status, financial protection and health equity in the context of China\u2019s health system reform","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928690","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.928690","article-title":"The impact of zero markup drug policy on patients\u2019 healthcare utilization and expense: an interrupted time series study","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026081802320169400_czag065-B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-11-45","article-title":"Promoting universal financial protection: health insurance for the poor in Georgia--a case study","volume":"11","author":"Zoidze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"}],"container-title":["Health Policy and Planning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/heapol\/czag065\/68277058\/czag065.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/article-pdf\/41\/7\/1307\/68277058\/czag065.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/article-pdf\/41\/7\/1307\/68277058\/czag065.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:32:11Z","timestamp":1787034731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapol\/article\/41\/7\/1307\/8677080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":233,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czag065","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1080","1460-2237"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1080","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2237","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]}}}