{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:02:50Z","timestamp":1789722170185,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant economic burden on affected households. Despite the provision of free diagnosis and treatment services, patients and their households experience substantial financial hardship. This study aimed to estimate the catastrophic costs faced by TB patients in Nepal and identify associated factors. We conducted the first national cross-sectional survey of 1000 patients enrolled within the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP). The sample consisted of 600 drug-susceptible (DS-TB) and 400 drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) patients. Data were collected through structured interviews using the standardized TB patient cost survey questionnaire. Costs were categorized as direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect. Indirect costs were estimated using the human-capital approach. Catastrophic total costs due to TB were defined as total TB-related costs exceeding 20% of annual pre-TB household income. The mean age of participants was 43 years, and 65% were male. Forty-two percent of participants engaged in informal paid work and 70% had not completed secondary education. One-third of the participants reported having some form of social protection, with just 11% possessing health insurance coverage. Overall, 51% of TB-affected households faced catastrophic costs due to TB, with a higher proportion among DR-TB patients (76%) compared with DS-TB patients (51%). The financial burden was primarily driven by direct nonmedical costs (44%) and indirect costs (39%), substantially exceeding direct medical costs (17%). Factors associated with catastrophic total costs included belonging to a poorer wealth quintile, a DR-TB diagnosis, being the primary income earner, and lacking health insurance coverage. TB-related costs pushed 13% of households below the poverty line, increasing to 31% among DR-TB households. Mitigating this burden requires an integrated approach that aligns early diagnostic interventions with comprehensive social protection. Specifically, combining direct cash transfers for wage replacement with in-kind nutritional support is critical to protect high-risk households and reduce nonmedical financial shocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czag095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:57:12Z","timestamp":1784721432000},"page":"1401-1415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catastrophic costs and impoverishment among tuberculosis-affected households in Nepal: results from a national patient cost survey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Prajowl","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Center, Ministry of Health and Food Safety , Thimi, Bhaktapur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveen Prakash","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Center, Ministry of Health and Food Safety , Thimi, Bhaktapur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Center, Ministry of Health and Food Safety , Thimi, Bhaktapur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lok Raj","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) , Kathmandu ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish Lal","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Save the Children , Kathmandu ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmanav","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Center, Ministry of Health and Food Safety , Thimi, Bhaktapur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basundhara","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis Control Center, Ministry of Health and Food Safety , Thimi, Bhaktapur ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Save the Children , Kathmandu ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratna Bahadur","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Save the Children , Kathmandu ,","place":["Nepal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandesh","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Professional , Kathmandu 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