{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T13:41:56Z","timestamp":1792417316653,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["316145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kenya","award":["227131\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["227131\/Z\/23\/Z"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although evidence-informed health policymaking is widely promoted, evidence use in vaccine policymaking and the institutional and actor dynamics shaping it remain poorly understood. This study investigates what types of evidence was used and how it was used in vaccine policymaking in Kenya. Using a qualitative case study design, we focused on the introduction and roll-out of HPV and malaria vaccines. Data collection included 34 in-depth interviews with national Ministry of Health officials, Kenya National Immunization Technical Advisory Group members, County Expanded Programme of Immunization logisticians, international partners, and local civil society organizations; 417 hr of observation of vaccine-related policy and planning meetings; and a review of relevant policy and planning documents. Framework analysis was used to analyse the data, guided by two analytical frameworks: (i) a spectrum approach for categorizing evidence along two dimensions\u2014scientific to tacit and global to local\u2014and (ii) Weiss\u2019s models of research use, which interpret patterns of evidence utilization in policymaking. The findings show that international actors, through their financial and technical authority, substantially influenced national policymakers\u2019 adoption of global guidance and scientific evidence. Local programmatic expertise played a crucial role in validation and contextualization of global guidance and scientific evidence to fit local contexts. The dominance of medical and public health professionals in decision-making spaces led to the prioritization of evidence on vaccines\u2019 public health benefits over socio-political considerations. Local civil society\u2019s influence in vaccine policymaking was limited, with its community-based experiential knowledge primarily informing advocacy, communication, and social mobilization, rather than vaccine prioritization and policy decisions. We conclude that strengthening evidence-informed policymaking requires more inclusive approaches that value diverse evidence types. Addressing power imbalances that shape what counts as credible evidence and integrating local civil society perspectives throughout the policymaking process can enhance the legitimacy, acceptability, and effectiveness of policy decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czag100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:11:19Z","timestamp":1786101079000},"page":"1511-1526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examining evidence use in vaccine policymaking in Kenya: a qualitative case study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2879-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Waithaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme , P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7521-9515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Lewin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences \u00c5lesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , P.O. Box 1517, 6025 \u00c5lesund ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , P.O. Box 222 Sk\u00f8yen, 0213 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council , P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town ,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacinta","family":"Nzinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme , P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine , Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Unni","family":"Gopinathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences \u00c5lesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , P.O. Box 1517, 6025 \u00c5lesund ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Global Health Cluster, Division for Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , P.O. Box 222 Sk\u00f8yen, 0213 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Glenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences , Postbox 7030, 5020 Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwine","family":"Barasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme , P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi ,","place":["Kenya"]},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Big Data Institute, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tsofa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme , P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi ,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101908522123900_czag100-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i2016","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i2016","article-title":"GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: introduction","volume":"353","author":"Alonso-Coello","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026101908522123900_czag100-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12456","article-title":"Patient representatives\u2019 contributions to the benefit\u2013risk assessment tasks of the European Medicines Agency scientific committees","volume":"78","author":"Bernabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Clin 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