{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:41:00Z","timestamp":1791420060241,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["01EL1824A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EL1824A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health","award":["2519FSB006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2519FSB006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus in the coronavirus family, causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Biomedical vaccines are key but alongside biomedical vaccines, a social vaccine can be similarly useful to prevent infection from SARS-CoV-2, if applied as a health promotion strategy. In order to slow down and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, applying the social vaccine concept should be considered in parallel. From a health promotion perspective, a social vaccine is a process of social and political mobilization driven by governmental and non-governmental organizations aiming at populations by applying interventions such as health communication, education and mass media campaigns as well as determinant-based programs to address environmental factors influencing personal behavior and community capacities to cope with and overcome the societal burdens of COVID-19. In this context, health literacy is significant, as seen in the role it plays in empowering citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic and enabling them to deal with health information considering COVID-19. As a public health strategy, health literacy as a social vaccine will enable individuals and communities to mitigate the spread of the virus by understanding and applying information as provided through governments and health authorities. The aim of this article is to explore health literacy as a promising social vaccine and opportunity to utilize social vaccination and thus be considered as a key public health approach\u2014both bottom-up and top-down\u2014to support the combat of COVID-19 and future states of emergency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daab197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T15:19:16Z","timestamp":1638890356000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Health literacy as a social vaccine in the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1714-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orkan","family":"Okan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich , Uptown M\u00fcnchen-Campus D, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60\/62, 80092 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-7226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Messer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty I, Department of Nursing Science II, Trier University , Trier, Max-Planck-Stra\u00dfe 6, 54296 Trier, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Levin-Zamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education and Promotion, Clalit Health Services , 101 Arlozorov St., Tel Aviv, Israel"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Haifa , Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4130-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Paakkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 , P.O. Box (L) 35, 40014 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Literacy Academy , Viengevej 100, 8240 Risskov, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaa040","article-title":"Critical health literacy and the COVID-19 crisis","volume":"35","author":"Abel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B2","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Vaccines, trust and European public health","volume":"23","author":"Ammon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance: European Communicable Disease Bulletin"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2005477","article-title":"Covid-19\u2014the search for effective therapy","volume":"382","author":"Baden","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B4","author":"Baum","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dap026","article-title":"Social vaccines to resist and change unhealthy social and economic structures: a useful metaphor for health promotion","volume":"24","author":"Baum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00129-6","article-title":"Challenges in the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines worldwide","volume":"9","author":"Burki","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30979","DOI":"10.2196\/30979","article-title":"A Public health research agenda for managing infodemics: methods and results of the first WHO Infodemiology Conference","volume":"1","author":"Calleja","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Infodemiology"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138003","article-title":"The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"Casadevall","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B10","author":"Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE)","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B11","author":"Commission on Social Determinants of Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24097","DOI":"10.2196\/24097","article-title":"Digital health literacy and web-based information-seeking behaviors of university students in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional Survey Study","volume":"23","author":"Dadaczynski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B14","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B15","first-page":"46958018757848","article-title":"Organizational health literacy: review of theories, frameworks, guides, and implementation issues","volume":"55","author":"Farmanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inquiry: A Journal of Medical Care Organization, Provision and Financing"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.02.001","article-title":"Public health literacy defined","volume":"36","author":"Freedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081643","article-title":"Media health literacy, eHealth literacy, and the role of the social environment in context","volume":"15","author":"Levin-Zamir","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1757975921998639","article-title":"Health promotion preparedness for health crises\u2014a \u2018must\u2019 or \u2018nice to have\u2019? Case studies and global lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"28","author":"Levin-Zamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Health Promotion"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30232-2","article-title":"Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61228-8","article-title":"WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide","volume":"380","author":"Marmot","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/13.4.349","article-title":"Health promotion glossary","volume":"13","author":"Nutbeam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/15.3.259","article-title":"Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century","volume":"15","author":"Nutbeam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.050","article-title":"The evolving concept of health literacy","volume":"67","author":"Nutbeam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155503","article-title":"Coronavirus-related health literacy: a cross-sectional study in adults during the COVID-19 infodemic in Germany","volume":"17","author":"Okan","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B25","author":"Okan","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e249","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30086-4","article-title":"COVID-19: health literacy is an underestimated problem","volume":"5","author":"Paakkari","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet. Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2010.501094","article-title":"Health literacy: a second decade of distinction for Americans","volume":"15 Suppl 2","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Health Communication"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.51952\/9781447344520.ch035","volume-title":"International Handbook of Health Literacy: Research, Practice and Policy across the Lifespan","author":"Pelikan","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00388-3","article-title":"Priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic at the start of 2021: statement of the Lancet COVID-19 Commission","volume":"397","author":"Sachs","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093010","article-title":"Interdisciplinary perspectives in health literacy research around the world: more important than ever in a time of COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Sentell","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30008-5","article-title":"Unmet needs and behaviour during the Ebola response in Sierra Leone: a retrospective, mixed-methods analysis of community feedback from the Social Mobilization Action Consortium","volume":"4","author":"Skrip","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B32","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv043","article-title":"Health literacy in Europe. Comparative results of the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU)","volume":"25","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B34","first-page":"259","article-title":"Transforming health systems and societies by investing in health literacy policy and strategy","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Panorama"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-80","article-title":"Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models","volume":"12","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-150","article-title":"Understanding critical health literacy: a concept analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sykes","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B37","author":"Thomas","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2465-z","article-title":"Development of the organisational health literacy responsiveness (Org-HLR) framework in collaboration with health and social services professionals","volume":"17","author":"Trezona","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaa042","article-title":"Why health promotion matters to the COVID-19 pandemic, and vice versa","volume":"35","author":"van den Broucke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promotion International"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105055","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19 in Hong Kong: the effects of community and social mobilization","volume":"134","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B41","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B42","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B43","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B44","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B45","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B46","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023080716534976400_daab197-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30461-X","article-title":"How to fight an infodemic","volume":"395","author":"Zarocostas","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"}],"container-title":["Health Promotion International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapro\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/daab197\/51048326\/daab197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapro\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/daab197\/51048326\/daab197.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T12:54:18Z","timestamp":1691412858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapro\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/heapro\/daab197\/6504771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daab197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4824","1460-2245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4824","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"article-number":"daab197"}}