{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:53:12Z","timestamp":1768261992869,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["107213-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107213-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["107213-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107213-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study aimed to exhaustively explore the characteristics of food advertising on TV in Guatemala and Costa Rica. The International Network for Food and Obesity Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) methodology was applied. In 2016, we recorded 1440 h of video among 10 TV channels. We used the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Nutrient Profile (NP) Model to identify \u2018critical nutrients\u2019, whose excessive consumption is associated with NCDs. We created a nutritional quality score (0 if the product did not exceed any critical nutrient, 1 if the product exceeded one and 2 if it exceeded \u22652). We classified food ads as permitted (score = 0) and not-permitted (score 1 or 2) for marketing. Persuasive marketing techniques were classified as promotional characters (e.g. Batman), premium offers (e.g. toys), brand benefit claims (e.g. tasty) and health-related claims (e.g. nutritious). In Guatemala, foods that exceeded one critical nutrient were more likely to use persuasive marketing techniques, and in Costa Rica were those with an excess of \u22652 critical nutrients, compared with foods without any excess in critical nutrients [Guatemala: promotional characters (odds ratio, OR = 16.6, 95% confidence interval, CI: 5.8, 47.3), premium offers (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4, 8.2) and health-related claims (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.7); Costa Rica: health-related claims (OR = 4.2, 95% CI: 2.0, 8.5)]. In conclusion, Guatemalan and Costa Rican children are exposed to an overabundance of not-permitted food ads on TV. This justifies implementing national policies to reduce exposure to not-permitted food for marketing, including on TV and other media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daad028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T15:31:49Z","timestamp":1684164709000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unhealthy food advertising on Costa Rican and Guatemalan television: a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6676-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anal\u00ed","family":"Morales-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama , Guatemala City , Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Monterrubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health , Cuernavaca , Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Lucia","family":"Cosenza-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama , Guatemala City , Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Costa Rica , San Jos\u00e9 , Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa L","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition, University of Costa Rica , San Jos\u00e9 , Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Vandevijvere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Zea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama , Guatemala City , Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Fernanda","family":"Kroker-Lobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama , Guatemala City , Guatemala"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023051514005414300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020000336","article-title":"Lack of nutrient declarations and low nutritional quality of pre-packaged foods sold in Guatemalan supermarkets","volume":"23","author":"Alarcon-Calderon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"key":"2023051514005414300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001446","article-title":"Food advertising on Argentinean television: are ultra-processed foods in the lead?","volume":"21","author":"Allemandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutrition"},{"key":"2023051514005414300_CIT0003","author":"ANMTV Latinoam\u00e9rica.","year":"2009"},{"key":"2023051514005414300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.01.032","article-title":"Television advertising and branding. 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