{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:00:07Z","timestamp":1787860807786,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Through the commercial determinants of health framework, gambling has been identified as a powerful threat to health. This research critically examines cryptocurrency, which is promoted and sold as a highly gamblified product. Using the commercial determinants of health framework, the multifaceted ways in which cryptocurrency firm operations may impact health outcomes are highlighted. Political influence is exerted through substantial donations, with high-profile cases illustrating the sector\u2019s attempts to sway policy, whilst cryptocurrencies often operate in unregulated markets. Marketing strategies mirror those of traditional harmful industries, deploying immense advertising budgets and celebrity endorsements to promote highly speculative and risky financial products. Cryptocurrency mining, demanding considerable energy consumption, causes significant environmental damage. Financial practices include hundreds of outright frauds targeting low- and middle-income countries. Cryptocurrency investment, with 24\/7 access and promises of huge wealth, mirrors gambling and is likely to result in public health harms through the same mechanisms as other forms of gambling. Despite the supposed potential of blockchain technology for improving payment and contract systems, the lack of realization of these benefits contrasts sharply with the immediate and growing costs associated with cryptocurrency speculation. Cryptoassets are a case study for the need for health promotion professionals to critically evaluate new technologies and advocate for regulatory measures to protect public health in the face of novel, high-risk products that overlap gambling and finance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T08:37:43Z","timestamp":1734424663000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An assessment of cryptocurrencies as a global commercial determinant of health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9112-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Centre for Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Hucknall Rd, Nottingham NG5 1PB ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/risks11030049","article-title":"Cryptocurrencies as gamblified financial assets and cryptocasinos: novel risks for a public health approach to gambling","volume":"11","author":"Andrade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Risks"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000885","article-title":"Safer gambling and consumer protection failings among 40 frequently visited cryptocurrency-based online gambling operators","volume":"37","author":"Andrade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0003","author":"ASA and CAP","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2023.105829","article-title":"Beyond financial regulation of crypto-asset wallet software: in search of secondary liability","volume":"49","author":"Barbereau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0005","volume-title":"How Does Money Influence Health","author":"Benzeval","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0006","author":"Bloomberg","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0007","volume-title":"Assessing Gambling-Related Harm in Victoria: A public Health Perspective","author":"Browne","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0008","volume-title":"No Questions Asked: How football Joined the Crypto Con","author":"Calladine","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0009","article-title":"The 2021 Crypto Crime Report","author":"Chainalysis","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0010","author":"CNN","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0011","author":"CoinMarketCap","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0012","author":"Cornelli","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0013","author":"D\u2019Urso","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e655","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00173-6","article-title":"Cryptocurrency and new financial instruments: unquantified public health harms","volume":"7","author":"Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0015","author":"The Economist","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0016","author":"The Electoral Commission","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-9962","volume-title":"Crypto-Assets Activity around the World: Evolution and Macro-Financial Drivers","author":"Feyen","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0018","author":"Financial Conduct Authority","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0019","author":"Financial Conduct Authority","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0020","author":"Financial Conduct Authority","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0021","author":"Financial Times (UK)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhz015","article-title":"Sex, drugs, and bitcoin: how much illegal activity is financed through cryptocurrencies","volume":"32","author":"Foley","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Review of Financial Studies"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00013-2","article-title":"Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health","volume":"401","author":"Gilmore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102394","article-title":"Preying on the poor? Opportunities and challenges for tackling the social and environmental threats of cryptocurrencies for vulnerable and low-income communities","volume":"84","author":"Howson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Research & Social Science"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.220087","article-title":"Commercial determinants of health: advertising of alcohol and unhealthy foods during sporting events","volume":"97","author":"Ireland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"2025010615275883700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107504","article-title":"Cryptocurrency trading and its associations with gambling and mental health: a scoping review","volume":"136","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addictive 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