{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:57:26Z","timestamp":1790675846736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008247","name":"University of Otago Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children\u2019s engagement with smartphone-based (online) game applications is commonplace. There appears to be no objective evidence base for children\u2019s exposure to advertising within game-apps captured in real-time by children themselves. This study aimed to objectively explore the nature and extent of young adolescents\u2019 exposure to smartphone game-app-based advertising. Sixty-six children aged 11\u201313 years (mean age = 12.7, SD = 0.79) from 16 schools in the Wellington region of New Zealand used Zoom video teleconferencing software to record real-time, screen-shared internet use for four consecutive days. Forty-one participants recorded game-app use which was analysed for in-game advertising. Participants responded to a single catch-all question inquiring about changes they would make to the online world. Responses mentioning advertising were analysed. On average, children who used game-apps recorded 206\u2005minutes (3.4\u2005hours) of online smartphone use over the four-day study period and spent 39\u2005minutes using game-apps (11.4 minutes\/hour, or 19% of their total online time). Per hour spent gaming, on average, participants were exposed to advertising for 9.7 minutes (16.2% of their hourly gaming time) and screen-recorded 22.9 ads. Primarily, ads for other smartphone game applications were advertised within the games (n = 263, 38.2% of all recorded ads). Most other advertising appeared more likely to be of interest, or more suited to adult consumers (e.g. finance and real estate). While \u2018playing\u2019 using smartphone game-apps, children were exposed to a high volume of advertising, including advertising for alcohol. Unprompted, one-third (n = 22) of participants mentioned online advertising within their responses and indicated that they wanted to see changes made to online advertising. All responses portrayed online advertising negatively. Children, who are some of the most susceptible to digital advertising, must be protected from advertising online in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daag119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:25:43Z","timestamp":1790335543000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bombarded? Child\u2019s-eye views of smartphone-based game application advertising: objective insights from Aotearoa New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-2019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Gurtner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, 23a Mein St, University of Otago , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, 23a Mein St, University of Otago , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, 23a Mein St, University of Otago , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, 23a Mein St, University of Otago , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, 23a Mein St, University of Otago , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Signal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, 23a Mein St, University of Otago , Wellington 6021 ,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-005666","article-title":"The health effects of video games in children and adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Alanko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s43546-022-00238-x","article-title":"Children\u2019s influence on family purchase decisions across product categories","volume":"2","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"SN Bus Econ"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B3","author":"Arora"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B4","author":"Baltezarevi\u0107"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2022.107294","article-title":"Time spent on social media and alcohol use among adolescents: a longitudinal study","volume":"130","author":"Brunborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0001","article-title":"Children as consumers: advertising and marketing","volume":"18","author":"Calvert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16304","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between youth drinking, self-posting of alcohol use and other social media engagement (2012\u201321)","volume":"119","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69362-5","volume-title":"Handbook of Children and Screens: Digital Media, Development, and Well-Being from Birth Through Adolescence","author":"Christakis","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32540-1","article-title":"A future for the world's children? A WHO\u2013UNICEF\u2013lancet commission","volume":"395","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13455","article-title":"European longitudinal study on the relationship between adolescents\u2019 alcohol marketing exposure and alcohol use","volume":"111","author":"de Bruijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.35826\/ijoess.4428","article-title":"A general overview of the impact of advergames on consumer purchase behavior: a literature review","volume":"55","author":"Eyice Ba\u015fev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Eurasia Soc Sci"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12701","article-title":"Screen time and childhood overweight\/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B13","author":"Federal Trade Commission"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdnut.2025.104545","article-title":"Digital marketing of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children and adolescents: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Fretes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae195","article-title":"Child\u2019s-eye views of smartphone-based gaming content: objective insights from Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"40","author":"Gurtner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B16","volume-title":"Kids Online Aotearoa: A Protocol to Objectively Study the Nature and Extent of Children's Online World","author":"Gurtner","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30357-7","article-title":"Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants","volume":"6","author":"Guthold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B18","volume-title":"Advergames: It\u2019s not Child\u2019s Play","author":"Hang","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.47750\/cibg.2021.27.02.297","article-title":"The impact of children on parental purchasing behavior","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Contemp Issues Bus Govt"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daad059","article-title":"Addressing the digital determinants of health: health promotion must lead the charge","volume":"38","author":"Kickbusch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01824-9","article-title":"The Lancet and Financial Times commission on governing health futures 2030: growing up in a digital world","volume":"398","author":"Kickbusch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.4726","article-title":"Ban targeted advertising? An empirical investigation of the consequences for app development","volume":"70","author":"Kircher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manag Sci"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1080\/02650487.2019.1642015","article-title":"Digital advertising: present and future prospects","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IInt J Adv"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/15.4.195","article-title":"The commercialization of childhood and children's well-being: what is the role of health care providers?","volume":"15","author":"Linn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/1354856517743665","article-title":"The struggles of everyday life: how children view and engage with advertising in mobile games","volume":"25","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Converg Int J Res into New Media Technol"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae193","article-title":"Clearing the haze: novel methodology objectively assessing children\u2019s online exposure to tobacco and vape marketing","volume":"40","author":"McGlinchy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15298-3","article-title":"Problematic social media use and alcohol expectancies in early adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Nagata","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B28","author":"Newzoo"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B29","author":"Newzoo"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B30","author":"Newzoo"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B31","author":"Newzoo"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B32","author":"OECD"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B33","author":"Opdyke"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B34","volume-title":"Advertisement. Oxford English Dictionary","author":"Oxford Languages","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B35","volume-title":"Freemium. Oxford English Dictionary","author":"Oxford Languages","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.311","article-title":"Get them laughing to get them drinking: an analysis of alcohol advertising themes across multiple media in Australia","volume":"81","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1681","article-title":"Digital advertising to children","volume":"146","author":"Radesky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.17641","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of manipulative design in mobile applications used by children","volume":"5","author":"Radesky","year":"2022","journal-title":"JJAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.65077\/WWMH7824","volume-title":"Constant Companion: A Week in the Life of a Young Person's Smartphone Use","author":"Radesky","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.008","article-title":"NZiDep: a New Zealand index of socioeconomic deprivation for individuals","volume":"62","author":"Salmond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B41","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effect of advergames on children: a qualitative analysis","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Bus Ethics Dev Econ"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B42","author":"Statista"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B43","author":"Statista"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023191","article-title":"Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews","volume":"9","author":"Stiglic","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B45","author":"Stoilova"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102021","article-title":"The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"86","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daae061","article-title":"Methodological and practical guidance for designing and conducting online qualitative surveys in public health","volume":"39","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.2501\/S0265048710201439","article-title":"Practitioners\u2019 perceptions of advertising strategies for digital media","volume":"29","author":"Truong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Advert"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B49","author":"UN"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B50","author":"UN"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B51","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00290-4","article-title":"An objective assessment of children's exposure to brand marketing in New Zealand (Kids\u2019Cam): a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Watkins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"2026092905143114300_daag119-B53","first-page":"418","volume-title":"Advertising Theory","author":"Youn","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Health Promotion International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapro\/article-pdf\/41\/5\/daag119\/71460408\/daag119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapro\/article-pdf\/41\/5\/daag119\/71460408\/daag119.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:14:43Z","timestamp":1790673283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/heapro\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/heapro\/daag119\/8844919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daag119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4824","1460-2245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4824","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"daag119"}}