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Of the various places CIM can be granted, the present study focused on local parks as a destination. The study aimed to understand children\u2019s travel to local parks without adult supervision (CIM to park), children\u2019s travel returning from local parks without adult supervision (CIM from park) and playing at\/within local parks without adult supervision (CIM within park), and factors influencing the parental grant of that CIM. An online survey was completed by 3000 mothers in Japan about their primary school-aged child. Among the children who visited parks (88.7%), approximately half of the children were granted each type of park CIM in total. The results from the logistic regression indicated that girls were less likely than boys to be granted CIM from parks. For all CIMs, if mothers thought that the child was capable of protecting themselves from crime and accidents, the odds of being granted CIM were higher. Additionally, mothers who believed that local residents could protect their children from crime were more likely to permit CIM of all types. This suggests that the presence of local residents may facilitate CIM associated with parks, especially for children whose mothers do not consider them yet capable of self-protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daag145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:43:59Z","timestamp":1789213439000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Children\u2019s independent mobility in Japan: travelling to, returning from, and playing within local parks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko Doi","family":"Hata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Studies, Bunkyo Gakuin University , 1196 Kamekubo, Fujimino, Saitama 356-8533 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7156-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoya","family":"Ohyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Center, The University of Tokyo , 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8658 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8962-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Veitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood 3125, Victoria ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9910-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Impact Assessment and Evaluation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.21.4.520","article-title":"The association between walking to school, daily step counts and meeting step targets in 5- to 17-year-old Australian children","volume":"21","author":"Abbott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B2","author":"Amemiya"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.11361\/journalcpij.45.3.79","article-title":"An empirical study of determinants of parental restriction on children\u2019s outdoor activities and its effects on children\u2019s play: a case study of an elementary school in tsukuba city, Ibaraki prefecture","volume":"45","author":"Amemiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J City Plan Inst Jpn"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2022-0456","article-title":"Global matrix 4.0 physical activity report card grades for children and adolescents: results and analyses from 57 countries","volume":"19","author":"Aubert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020190","article-title":"Parental correlates of outdoor play in boys and girls aged 0 to 12-A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Boxberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2019.01.003","article-title":"How are the built environment and household travel characteristics associated with children\u2019s active transport in Melbourne, Australia?","volume":"12","author":"Carver","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.02.010","article-title":"Are children and adolescents less active if parents restrict their physical activity and active transport due to perceived risk?","volume":"70","author":"Carver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026093009425342500_daag145-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.03.005","article-title":"Young and free? 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