{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:55:44Z","timestamp":1765886144764,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HIVERA JCT 2014"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012331","name":"VLAIO","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>General practitioners (GPs) play a key role in reducing the hidden HIV-epidemic, but many diagnostic opportunities are missed in primary care. This study aimed at informing the development of an HIV-testing intervention for GPs in Flanders (Belgium) using formative research with a participatory approach. Through the active involvement of an advisory board and 16 group discussions with 122 Flemish GPs, GPs\u2019 current HIV-testing practices and perceived practical relevance of 2 distinct HIV-testing strategies (i.e. provider-initiated testing of key populations and indicator condition-based testing) were explored in terms of their relevance and feasibility in routine primary care. Self-reported HIV-testing practices revealed that most tests performed were patient-initiated, pretest counseling was rarely done, and post-test counseling was offered mainly for patients with an HIV-diagnosis. GPs reported multiple barriers to provider-initiated HIV-testing, i.e. personal discomfort, fear of offending their patient, limited knowledge of benefits of early HIV-diagnosis, misconceptions about HIV-risks, lack of guidelines and time. Difficulties to identify patient\u2019s sexual orientation or ethical concerns were mentioned as barriers for target group-based HIV testing. GPs assessed the current list of 64 indicator conditions as too difficult to integrate in routine care, deeming a reduced list of GP-relevant conditions as more feasible. Combined strategies (i.e. target group- and indicator-based testing) supported by official screening recommendations were perceived as successful strategies for provider-initiated HIV-testing in primary care. This formative research delivered qualitative evidence for the development of an HIV-testing intervention for primary care settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daz037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T19:18:59Z","timestamp":1555442339000},"page":"301-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Identifying key elements to inform HIV-testing interventions for primary care in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6371-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Apers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group HIV and Sexual Health, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"N\u00f6stlinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group HIV and Sexual Health, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Van Beckhoven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Sciensano - Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Ixelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessika","family":"Deblonde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Public Health and Surveillance, Sciensano - Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Ixelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwig","family":"Apers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katleen","family":"Verheyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Practitioner, Opglabbeek, Belgium"},{"name":"ELIZA - Center for General Practice, Department of Primary & Interdisciplinary Care Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Loos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group HIV and Sexual Health, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"HERMETIC Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruta","family":"Kaupe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"K\u00efv\u00efte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liis","family":"Lemsalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Marty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Supervie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Rojas","family":"Castr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Upmace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,5]]},"reference":[{"year":"2019","author":"Aerts","key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B1"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.726339","article-title":"Acceptability of rapid HIV diagnosis technology among primary healthcare practitioners in Spain","volume":"25","author":"Agusti","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research Psychology"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-200","article-title":"Missed opportunities for HIV-testing in newly-HIV-diagnosed patients, a cross sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Champenois","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","article-title":"Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy","volume":"365","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00127-S","article-title":"What is participatory research?","volume":"41","author":"Cornwall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2011.06.012","article-title":"HIV testing in Europe: mapping policies","volume":"103","author":"Deblonde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6107-0","article-title":"HIV testing within general practices in Europe: a mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Deblonde","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2020052614401450000_daz037-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000957","article-title":"Is hardship during migration a determinant of HIV infection? 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