{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:18:49Z","timestamp":1785773929324,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hand washing is effective for the prevention and transmission of pathogens but washing with water only is not effective at reducing contamination. The study focussed on the evaluation of hand washing behaviour in Basic schools (Primary and Junior High Schools) in Ghana. Results of the study revealed that 75% of responding schools have hand washing stands to promote hand washing with soap. Sixty percent of the hand washing facilities were functional at the time of the study in the schools. Hand washing facilities were found to be inadequate as most of the schools lacked running water and soap for hand washing. The school children (72%) were found to have knowledge on hand hygiene. The school children were aware that they can get cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, stomach cramps and pains when they do not wash their hands with soap. Majority (68.2%) of school children reported that washing hands after defecation is important but only 17.5% reported actually follow this practice. The school children (51%) reported washing their hands before eating. Many of the schools did not have toilet facilities for the school children. The school children (35%) learnt hand washing from their parents and 60% from the teachers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyaa017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T19:10:59Z","timestamp":1601665859000},"page":"362-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of hand hygiene behaviour in basic schools in Ghana: a case study of the Ablekuma Central Municipality in the greater region of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Joseph Richmond","family":"Fianko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Environmental Management, Institute of Local Government Studies, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Akosua Gawu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban and Environmental Management, Institute of Local Government Studies, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B1","year":"2004"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B2","first-page":"32","year":"2010"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B3","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20182146","article-title":"Hand washing knowledge and practices among public primary schools in the Kintampo Municipality of Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Dajaan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.12968\/bjsn.2015.10.8.395","article-title":"Personal hygiene in school 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Nyanza Province, western Kenya","volume":"136","author":"O'reilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/0300443032000153624","article-title":"Using educational interventions to improve the hand washing habits of preschool children","volume":"174","author":"Witt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Child Dev Care"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66912-7","article-title":"Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Luby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B15","first-page":"1","year":"2012"},{"key":"2020102209453659200_cyaa017-B16","article-title":"The teacher\u2019s role in enforcing hand washing techniques among school-aged children in the midst of the H1N1 pandemic Tara Redmond perspectives 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