{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:07:09Z","timestamp":1785535629648,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-22300-7 2019\/27519-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-22300-7 2019\/27519-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-22300-7 2019\/27519-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-22300-7 2019\/27519-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>School-based prevention drug programs in the United States and Brazil are most commonly delivered by law enforcement officers (LEOs). However, limited research has explored challenges involved in the delivery of these interventions specifically related to their implementation by LEOs. We aim to describe the challenges affecting the implementation of school-based drug prevention programs delivered by LEOs. We conducted a qualitative study using 31 semi-structured interviews with LEOs who delivered the Brazilian version of the DARE-Keepin\u2019 it REAL program (fifth- and seventh-grade curriculum) and 8 focus groups with 80 students who participated in the program. All data were thematically analyzed. LEOs perceived devaluation from the police corporation, resulting in resource limitations and commanders\u2019 resistance to adapting schedules. Relationships with the school community posed additional challenges. Fifth graders seemed generally positive about LEOs\u2019 presence while seventh graders showed more negative responses. LEOs\u2019 street-level policing experiences influenced their approach to clarifying the consequences of drug use and willingness to share related experiences, even though this content is not part of the program. Therefore, it is crucial to consider alternative approaches to delivering preventive programs in schools, while simultaneously improving the training of LEOs already involved in program implementation to ensure alignment with evidence-based practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyae039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T15:21:17Z","timestamp":1731943277000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Challenges in implementing school-based drug prevention programs led by law enforcement officers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4408-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Y","family":"Valente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo , Rua Botucatu, 740\u2014Vila Clementino, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia D","family":"Gusm\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo , Rua Botucatu, 740\u2014Vila Clementino, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Garcia-Cerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo , Rua Botucatu, 740\u2014Vila Clementino, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Pietrobon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo , Rua Botucatu, 740\u2014Vila Clementino, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zila M","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo , Rua Botucatu, 740\u2014Vila Clementino, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023-062,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041420025972100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00508-8","article-title":"The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people","volume":"3","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026041420025972100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00013-4","article-title":"Why young people\u2019s substance use matters for global health","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026041420025972100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-9-48","article-title":"Effectiveness of school-based preventive interventions on adolescent alcohol use: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Str\u00f8m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"2026041420025972100_R4","article-title":"International Standards on Drug Use Prevention - Second updated edition","author":"UNODC UNO for DC and CP","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026041420025972100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232020258.28632018","article-title":"Characteristics of school-based drug prevention programs in Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"key":"2026041420025972100_R6","first-page":"49","article-title":"Truth and D.A.R.E.: Is D.A.R.E.\u2019s new Keepin\u2019 it REAL curriculum suitable for American nationwide implementation?","volume":"24","author":"Caputi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026041420025972100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026016131401","article-title":"Culturally grounded substance use prevention: an evaluation of the keepin\u2019\u2019 it R.E.A.L. 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