{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:08:31Z","timestamp":1764079711217,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["APP1073898","APP1063061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1073898","APP1063061"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1123248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1123248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Symptoms related with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) were previously shown to be linked with increased risk for the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We aim to interrogate the possibility of a shared genetic basis between GERD and COVID-19 outcomes. Using published GWAS data for GERD (78 707 cases; 288 734 controls) and COVID-19 susceptibility (up to 32 494 cases; 1.5 million controls), we examined the genetic relationship between GERD and three COVID-19 outcomes: risk of developing severe COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization and overall COVID-19 risk. We estimated the genetic correlation between GERD and COVID-19 outcomes followed by Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess genetic causality. Conditional analyses were conducted to examine whether known COVID-19 risk factors (obesity, smoking, type-II diabetes, coronary artery disease) can explain the relationship between GERD and COVID-19. We found small to moderate genetic correlations between GERD and COVID-19 outcomes (rg between 0.06 and 0.24). MR analyses revealed a OR of 1.15 (95% CI: 0.96\u20131.39) for severe COVID-19; 1.16 (1.01\u20131.34) for risk of COVID-19 hospitalization; 1.05 (0.97\u20131.13) for overall risk of COVID-19 per doubling of odds in developing GERD. The genetic correlation\/associations between GERD and COVID-19 showed mild attenuation towards the null when obesity and smoking was adjusted for. Susceptibility for GERD and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization were genetically correlated, with MR findings supporting a potential causal role between the two. The genetic association between GERD and COVID-19 was partially attenuated when obesity is accounted for, consistent with obesity being a major risk factor for both diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T11:28:18Z","timestamp":1631100498000},"page":"471-480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessing the genetic relationship between gastro-esophageal reflux disease and risk of COVID-19 infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jue-Sheng","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Puya","family":"Gharahkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas L","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 53106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley J","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston QLD 4006, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"MacGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022020901102108400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108427","article-title":"COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review","volume":"215","author":"Yuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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