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SPG4-HSP, the most common form of the disease, results from mutations of human spastin gene (SPAST), which is the gene that encodes spastin, a microtubule-severing protein. The lack of a vertebrate model that recapitulates both the etiology and symptoms of SPG4-HSP has stymied the development of effective therapies for the disease. hSPAST-C448Y mice, which express human mutant spastin at the ROSA26 locus, display corticospinal dieback and gait deficiencies but not axonal swellings. On the other hand, mouse spastin gene (Spast)-knockout (KO) mice display axonal swellings but not corticospinal dieback or gait deficiencies. One possibility is that reduced spastin function, resulting in axonal swellings, is not the cause of the disease but exacerbates the toxic effects of the mutant protein. To explore this idea, Spast-KO and hSPAST-C448Y mice were crossbred, and the offspring were compared with the parental lines via histological and behavioral analyses. The crossbred animals displayed axonal swellings as well as earlier onset, worsened gait deficiencies and corticospinal dieback compared with the hSPAST-C448Y mouse. These results, together with observations on changes in histone deacetylases 6 and tubulin modifications in the axon, indicate that each of these three transgenic mouse lines is valuable for investigating a different component of the disease pathology. Moreover, the crossbred mice are the best vertebrate model to date for testing potential therapies for SPG4-HSP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddab367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T15:11:02Z","timestamp":1639753862000},"page":"1844-1859","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Modeling gain-of-function and loss-of-function components of\n                    <i>SPAST<\/i>\n                    -based hereditary spastic paraplegia using transgenic mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Piermarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyma","family":"Akarsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469 , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Connors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Kneussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurogenetics , Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Morfini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5150-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Karabay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469 , Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W","family":"Baas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022060611295768400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.69.2.150","article-title":"Hereditary spastic paraparesis: a review of new developments","volume":"69","author":"McDermott","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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