{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:05:45Z","timestamp":1789758345892,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["648268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>High myopia [refractive error\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22126 diopters (D)] is a heterogeneous condition, and without clear accompanying features, it can be difficult to pinpoint a genetic cause. This observational study aimed to evaluate the utility of whole exome sequencing (WES) using an eye disorder gene panel in European patients with high myopia. Patients with high myopia were recruited by ophthalmologists and clinical geneticists. Clinical features were categorized into isolated high myopia, high myopia with other ocular involvement or with systemic involvement. WES was performed and an eye disorder gene panel of ~500 genes was evaluated. Hundred and thirteen patients with high myopia [mean (SD) refractive error\u2009\u2212\u200911.8D (5.2)] were included. Of these, 53% were children younger than 12\u00a0years of age (53%), 13.3% were aged 12\u201318\u00a0years and 34% were adults (aged &amp;gt; 18\u00a0years). Twenty-three out of 113 patients (20%) received a genetic diagnosis of which 11 patients displayed additional ocular or systemic involvement. Pathogenic variants were identified in retinal dystrophy genes (e.g. GUCY2D and CACNA1F), connective tissue disease genes (e.g. COL18A1 and COL2A1), non-syndromic high myopia genes (ARR3), ocular development genes (e.g. PAX6) and other genes (ASPH and CNNM4). In 20% of our high myopic study population, WES using an eye gene panel enabled us to diagnose the genetic cause for this disorder. Eye genes known to cause retinal dystrophy, developmental or syndromic disorders can cause high myopia without apparent clinical features of other pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T13:36:02Z","timestamp":1652535362000},"page":"3290-3298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Whole exome sequencing of known eye genes reveals genetic causes for high myopia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Annechien E G","family":"Haarman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberta A H J","family":"Thiadens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"van Tienhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoukje E","family":"Loudon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J E M M Annelies","family":"de Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"Brosens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Roelof","family":"Polling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Orthoptics , School of Applied Science Utrecht, 3584 CH , Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyne","family":"van der Schoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjan","family":"Bouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke J A","family":"Kievit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lies H","family":"Hoefsloot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline C W","family":"Klaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Molecular research Center , Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4056 , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie J M","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics , Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam , The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022093009391921400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25957","article-title":"IMI-defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies","volume":"60","author":"Flitcroft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest. 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