{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:28:18Z","timestamp":1768436898811,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32AR007612-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007612-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32AR007612-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007612-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AR042423-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AR042423-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AR049899-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AR049899-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL151740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL151740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIH Functional Proteomics of Aging Training","award":["5T32AG029796-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AG029796-13"]}]},{"name":"NIH Functional Proteomics of Aging Training","award":["5T32AG029796-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AG029796-14"]}]},{"name":"IBP Grant Accelerator Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal degenerative muscle wasting disease caused by the loss of the structural protein dystrophin with secondary pathological manifestations including metabolic dysfunction, mood and behavioral disorders. In the mildly affected mdx mouse model of DMD, brief scruff stress causes inactivity, while more severe subordination stress results in lethality. Here, we investigated the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolic pathway in mdx mice and their involvement as possible mediators of mdx stress-related pathology. We identified downregulation of the kynurenic acid shunt, a neuroprotective branch of the kynurenine pathway, in mdx skeletal muscle associated with attenuated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1\u03b1) transcriptional regulatory activity. Restoring the kynurenic acid shunt by skeletal muscle-specific PGC-1\u03b1 overexpression in mdx mice did not prevent scruff -induced inactivity, nor did abrogating extrahepatic kynurenine pathway activity by genetic deletion of the pathway rate-limiting enzyme, indoleamine oxygenase 1. We further show that reduced NAD+ production in mdx skeletal muscle after subordination stress exposure corresponded with elevated levels of NAD+ catabolites produced by ectoenzyme cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) that have been implicated in lethal mdx response to pharmacological \u03b2-adrenergic receptor agonism. However, genetic CD38 ablation did not prevent mdx scruff-induced inactivity. Our data do not support a direct contribution by the kynurenine pathway or CD38 metabolic dysfunction to the exaggerated stress response of mdx mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddad206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T18:48:09Z","timestamp":1704480489000},"page":"594-611","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Retention of stress susceptibility in the <i>mdx<\/i> mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy after PGC-1\u03b1 overexpression or ablation of IDO1 or CD38"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9343-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erynn E","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"},{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W Michael","family":"Southern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"},{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baird","family":"Doud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"},{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Steiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"},{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Razzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School , 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bartolomucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School , 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Ervasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"},{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, , 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2304","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012910","article-title":"Life expectancy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: reproduced individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Broomfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref2","first-page":"497","article-title":"Intelligence and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: full-scale, verbal, and performance intelligence quotients","volume":"43","author":"Cotton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.016","article-title":"Neuropsychological and neurobehavioral functioning in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a review","volume":"37","author":"Snow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac048","article-title":"Startle responses in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a novel biomarker of brain dystrophin deficiency","volume":"146","author":"Maresh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299rv4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa7322","article-title":"Immune-mediated pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.06.009","article-title":"Social factors and individual vulnerability to chronic stress exposure","volume":"29","author":"Bartolomucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00056","article-title":"Aggression, social stress, and the immune system in humans and animal models","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.09.005","article-title":"A multifaceted analysis of social stressors and chronic inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Gough","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12778","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12778","article-title":"Social stress shortens lifespan in mice","volume":"17","author":"Razzoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.02.001","article-title":"Social stress, immune functions and disease in rodents","volume":"28","author":"Bartolomucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310655110","article-title":"Social stress up-regulates inflammatory gene expression in the leukocyte transcriptome via \u03b2-adrenergic induction of myelopoiesis","volume":"110","author":"Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0010-3","article-title":"Social stress induces neurovascular pathology promoting depression","volume":"20","author":"Menard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102700","article-title":"Social stress is lethal in the mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"55","author":"Razzoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3765","article-title":"Functional correction in mouse models of muscular dystrophy using exon-skipping tricyclo-DNA oligomers","volume":"21","author":"Goyenvalle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.03.009","article-title":"Partial restoration of brain dystrophin by tricyclo-DNA antisense oligonucleotides alleviates emotional deficits in mdx52 mice","volume":"32","author":"Saoudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn253","article-title":"A deficit of brain dystrophin impairs specific amygdala GABAergic transmission and enhances defensive behaviour in mice","volume":"132","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003012","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2014.1003012","article-title":"Expression profile of the human IDO1 protein, a cancer drug target involved in tumoral immune resistance","volume":"4","author":"Vigneron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110841","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway, NAD+ synthesis, and mitochondrial function: targeting tryptophan metabolism to promote longevity and healthspan","volume":"132","author":"Castro-Portuguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2015.07.042","article-title":"Kynurenine causes vasodilation and hypotension induced by activation of KCNQ-encoded voltage-dependent K+ channels","volume":"129","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0947-3","article-title":"Singlet molecular oxygen regulates vascular tone and blood pressure in inflammation","volume":"566","author":"Stanley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.03.013","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolites and enzymes involved in redox reactions","volume":"112","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez Esquivel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.07.051","article-title":"Skeletal muscle PGC-1\u03b11 modulates kynurenine metabolism and mediates resilience to stress-induced depression","volume":"159","author":"Agudelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.11.017","article-title":"HMGB1 mediates depressive behavior induced by chronic stress through activating the kynurenine pathway","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164337","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164337","article-title":"Chronic treatment with the IDO1 inhibitor 1-methyl-D-tryptophan minimizes the behavioural and biochemical abnormalities induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress in mice\u2014comparison with fluoxetine","volume":"11","author":"Laugeray","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.08.003","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway and the brain: challenges, controversies and promises","volume":"112","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170913110426","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and the immune-kynurenine pathway in anxiety disorders","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00388","article-title":"IDO and kynurenine metabolites in peripheral and CNS disorders","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0174-x","article-title":"Physical activity and muscle\u2013brain crosstalk","volume":"15","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0414-4","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway: a finger in every pie","volume":"25","author":"Savitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.110770","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway and human systems","volume":"129","author":"Badawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10712-0","article-title":"Skeletal muscle PGC-1\u03b11 reroutes kynurenine metabolism to increase energy efficiency and fatigue-resistance","volume":"10","author":"Agudelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C836","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00053.2016","article-title":"Endurance exercise increases skeletal muscle kynurenine aminotransferases and plasma kynurenic acid in humans","volume":"310","author":"Schlittler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9794","article-title":"Kynurenines: Tryptophan\u2019s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health","volume":"357","author":"Cervenka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1113\/EP090381","article-title":"Kynurenine metabolism is altered in mdx mice: a potential muscle to brain connection","volume":"107","author":"Copeland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2044-5040-4-2","article-title":"Post-natal induction of PGC-1\u03b1 protects against severe muscle dystrophy independently of utrophin","volume":"4","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114409","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of 26 NAD-related metabolites in plasma, blood, and liver tissue using UHPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"633","author":"Cuny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0111","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS-based quantification of kynurenine metabolites, tryptophan, monoamines and neopterin in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain","volume":"8","author":"Fuertig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609490","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.609490","article-title":"Targeting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in cancer models using the novel small molecule inhibitor NTRC 3883-0","volume":"11","author":"Grobben","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103009","article-title":"Effects of 1-methyltryptophan on immune responses and the kynurenine pathway after lipopolysaccharide challenge in pigs","volume":"19","author":"Wirthgen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1525107","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 regulates the neuromuscular junction program and ameliorates Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"21","author":"Handschin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030063","article-title":"Rescue of dystrophic skeletal muscle by PGC-1\u03b1 involves a fast to slow Fiber type shift in the mdx mouse","volume":"7","author":"Selsby","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf5504","article-title":"NAD+ repletion improves muscle function in muscular dystrophy and counters global parylation","volume":"8","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12860","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012860","article-title":"CD38-NADase is a new major contributor to Duchenne muscular dystrophic phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Z\u00e9licourt","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004490","article-title":"Muscle-specific SIRT1 gain-of-function increases slow-twitch fibers and ameliorates pathophysiology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"10","author":"Chalkiadaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-020-00249-y","article-title":"Complementary NAD+ replacement strategies fail to functionally protect dystrophin-deficient muscle","volume":"10","author":"Frederick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00162.2019","article-title":"Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical cocktails did not improve muscle function or reduce histological damage in D2-mdx mice","volume":"127","author":"Spaulding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2019.02.019","article-title":"Assessment of NAD+ metabolism in human cell cultures, erythrocytes, cerebrospinal fluid and primate skeletal muscle","volume":"572","author":"Demarest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2938","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2938","article-title":"Measuring CD38 hydrolase and cyclase activities: 1,N6-Ethenonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (\u03b5-NAD) and nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide (NGD) fluorescence-based methods","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.12.020","article-title":"Mouse chronic social stress increases blood and brain kynurenine pathway activity and fear behaviour: both effects are reversed by inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","volume":"54","author":"Fuertig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104371","article-title":"Kynurenine metabolism and inflammation-induced depressed mood: a human experimental study","volume":"109","author":"Kruse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9894238","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9894238","article-title":"Kynurenine, a tryptophan metabolite that increases with age, induces muscle atrophy and lipid peroxidation","volume":"2019","author":"Kaiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e136091","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.136091","article-title":"Kynurenines link chronic inflammation to functional decline and physical frailty","volume":"5","author":"Westbrook","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112793","article-title":"The kynurenine pathway and cancer: why keep it simple when you can make it complicated","volume":"14","author":"Gouasmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E928","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00209.2016","article-title":"Adult expression of PGC-1\u03b1 and -1\u03b2 in skeletal muscle is not required for endurance exercise-induced enhancement of exercise capacity","volume":"311","author":"Ballmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.08.003","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological characterization of male mice under chronic psychosocial stress","volume":"29","author":"Bartolomucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2023.07.323","article-title":"The vitamin B3 analogue nicotinamide riboside has only very minor effects on reducing muscle damage in mdx mice","author":"Stan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8290com","article-title":"The enzyme CD38 (a NAD glycohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.5) is necessary for the development of diet-induced obesity","volume":"21","author":"Thereza","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0410","article-title":"CD38 and airway hyper-responsiveness: studies on human airway smooth muscle cells and mouse models","volume":"93","author":"Guedes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.006","article-title":"CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SIRT3-dependent mechanism","volume":"23","author":"Camacho-Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref60","first-page":"4951","article-title":"Independent variability of microtubule perturbations associated with dystrophinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Belanto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1038\/4033","article-title":"Expression of full-length utrophin prevents muscular dystrophy in mdx mice","volume":"4","author":"Tinsley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2003.11.003","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression is restricted to fetal trophoblast giant cells during murine gestation and is maternal genome specific","volume":"61","author":"Baban","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S107844","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolism in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"11","author":"Gulcev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J COPD"},{"key":"2024032023304334900_ref64","first-page":"e2937","article-title":"Two different methods of quantification of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) intracellular levels: enzymatic coupled cycling assay and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Kanamori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"}],"container-title":["Human Molecular Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article-pdf\/33\/7\/594\/57035471\/ddad206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article-pdf\/33\/7\/594\/57035471\/ddad206.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T23:43:39Z","timestamp":1710978219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article\/33\/7\/594\/7492711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddad206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-6906","1460-2083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-6906","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}}}