{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:59:26Z","timestamp":1791557966925,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"R1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005202","name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MDA 964119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MDA 964119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-21-1-0248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-21-1-0248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Florida Biomedical Foundation","award":["21K05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01NS079965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01NS079965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01EY010804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01EY010804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The manipulation of animal mitochondrial genomes has long been a challenge due to the lack of an effective transformation method. With the discovery of specific gene editing enzymes, designed to target pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations (often heteroplasmic), the selective removal or modification of mutant variants has become a reality. Because mitochondria cannot efficiently import RNAs, CRISPR has not been the first choice for editing mitochondrial genes. However, the last few years witnessed an explosion in novel and optimized non-CRISPR approaches to promote double-strand breaks or base-edit of mtDNA in vivo. Engineered forms of specific nucleases and cytidine\/adenine deaminases form the basis for these techniques. I will review the newest developments that constitute the current toolbox for animal mtDNA gene editing in vivo, bringing these approaches not only to the exploration of mitochondrial function, but also closer to clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddae037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T08:43:49Z","timestamp":1716453829000},"page":"R92-R99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Tools for editing the mammalian mitochondrial genome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8077-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos T","family":"Moraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, , 1600 NW 10th Ave, room 7044, Miami, FL 33136,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/290457a0","article-title":"Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome","volume":"290","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02238-7","article-title":"What regulates mitochondrial DNA copy number in animal cells?","volume":"17","author":"Moraes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.051","article-title":"Mitochondrial diseases: hope for the future","volume":"181","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14392","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502896102","article-title":"Rapid directional shift of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in animal tissues by a mitochondrially targeted restriction endonuclease","volume":"102","author":"Bayona-Bafaluy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.26.3093","article-title":"Manipulating mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy by a mitochondrially targeted restriction endonuclease","volume":"10","author":"Srivastava","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160226","article-title":"Manipulating the metazoan mitochondrial genome with targeted restriction enzymes","volume":"321","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-753-2_16","article-title":"Engineered zinc finger proteins for manipulation of the human mitochondrial genome","volume":"649","author":"Minczuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3261","article-title":"Specific elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes in patient-derived cells by mitoTALENs","volume":"19","author":"Bacman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00932-6","article-title":"Efficient elimination of MELAS-associated m.3243G mutant mitochondrial DNA by an engineered mitoARCUS nuclease","volume":"5","author":"Shoop","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2024.102132","article-title":"mitoTALEN reduces the mutant mtDNA load in neurons","volume":"35","author":"Bacman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucl Acids"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0166-8","article-title":"MitoTALEN reduces mutant mtDNA load and restores tRNA(ala) levels in a mouse model of heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation","volume":"24","author":"Bacman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0165-9","article-title":"Genome editing in mitochondria corrects a pathogenic mtDNA mutation in vivo","volume":"24","author":"Gammage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23561-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial targeted meganuclease as a platform to eliminate mutant mtDNA in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Zekonyte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2477-4","article-title":"A bacterial cytidine deaminase toxin enables CRISPR-free mitochondrial base editing","volume":"583","author":"Mok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.11.035","article-title":"Engineering TALE-linked deaminases to facilitate precision adenine base editing in mitochondrial DNA","volume":"187","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs248468","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.248468","article-title":"Mitochondrial import, health and mtDNA copy number variability seen when using type II and type V CRISPR effectors","volume":"133","author":"Anton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref17","first-page":"100329","article-title":"Direct evidence of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mitochondrial genome editing","volume":"3","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innovation (Camb)"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.8b00411","article-title":"Knock-in strategy for editing human and zebrafish mitochondrial DNA using Mito-CRISPR\/Cas9 system","volume":"8","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Synth Biol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627050","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.627050","article-title":"Adapting CRISPR\/Cas9 system for targeting mitochondrial genome","volume":"12","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305716","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/305716","article-title":"Efficient mitochondrial genome editing by CRISPR\/Cas9","volume":"2015","author":"Jo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.09.006","article-title":"Targeting of CRISPR-Cas12a crRNAs into human mitochondria","volume":"217","author":"Nikitchina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/bbb\/zbaa119","article-title":"Development of a Mito-CRISPR system for generating mitochondrial DNA-deleted strain in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"85","author":"Amai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11041040","article-title":"Overcoming the limitations of CRISPR-Cas9 systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: off-target effects, epigenome, and mitochondrial editing","volume":"11","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43552-0","article-title":"In vivo imaging of mitochondrial DNA mutations using an integrated nano Cas12a sensor","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2017.11.001","article-title":"Mitochondrial genome engineering: the revolution may not be CRISPR-Ized","volume":"34","author":"Gammage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21794-0","article-title":"Site-specific CRISPR-based mitochondrial DNA manipulation is limited by gRNA import","volume":"12","author":"Schmiderer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01279-8","article-title":"Targeted A-to-G base editing of chloroplast DNA in plants","volume":"8","author":"Mok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Plants"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref28","article-title":"Development of TALE-adenine base editors in plants.","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref29","article-title":"Genome editing of plant mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes","author":"Arimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04895-1","article-title":"The mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma degrades linear DNA fragments precluding the formation of deletions","volume":"9","author":"Nissanka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17649","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4871-11.2011","article-title":"Striatal dysfunctions associated with mitochondrial DNA damage in dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"31","author":"Pickrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2008.11","article-title":"Selective elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NARP and MILS syndromes","volume":"15","author":"Alexeyev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.196","article-title":"Manipulation of mtDNA heteroplasmy in all striated muscles of newborn mice by AAV9-mediated delivery of a mitochondria-targeted restriction endonuclease","volume":"19","author":"Bacman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2010.25","article-title":"Organ-specific shifts in mtDNA heteroplasmy following systemic delivery of a mitochondria-targeted restriction endonuclease","volume":"17","author":"Bacman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302981","article-title":"Modulating mtDNA heteroplasmy by mitochondria-targeted restriction endonucleases in a 'differential multiple cleavage-site' model","volume":"14","author":"Bacman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn124","article-title":"Generation of rho0 cells utilizing a mitochondrially targeted restriction endonuclease and comparative analyses","volume":"36","author":"Kukat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-010909-095056","article-title":"The discovery of zinc fingers and their applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation","volume":"79","author":"Klug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2842","article-title":"Genome editing with engineered zinc finger nucleases","volume":"11","author":"Urnov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1319","article-title":"An improved zinc-finger nuclease architecture for highly specific genome editing","volume":"25","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.131433","article-title":"Genome engineering with zinc-finger nucleases","volume":"188","author":"Carroll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19689","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609502103","article-title":"Sequence-specific modification of mitochondrial DNA using a chimeric zinc finger methylase","volume":"103","author":"Minczuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201303672","article-title":"Mitochondrially targeted ZFNs for selective degradation of pathogenic mitochondrial genomes bearing large-scale deletions or point mutations","volume":"6","author":"Gammage","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.110.120717","article-title":"Targeting DNA double-strand breaks with TAL effector nucleases","volume":"186","author":"Christian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.126","article-title":"MitoTALEN: a general approach to reduce mutant mtDNA loads and restore oxidative phosphorylation function in mitochondrial diseases","volume":"23","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.051","article-title":"Selective elimination of mitochondrial mutations in the germline by genome editing","volume":"161","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15871-y","article-title":"TALEN-mediated shift of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in MELAS-iPSCs with m.13513G&gt;A mutation","volume":"7","author":"Yahata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref47","first-page":"799","article-title":"The FusX TALE Base editor (FusXTBE) for rapid mitochondrial DNA programming of human cells in vitro and zebrafish disease models in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"CRISPR J"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080887","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial DNA copy number in mammalian fertility","volume":"83","author":"Wai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8084","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708084","article-title":"mitoTev-TALE: a monomeric DNA editing enzyme to reduce mutant mitochondrial DNA levels","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-12-86","article-title":"Targeted DNA excision in Arabidopsis by a re-engineered homing endonuclease","volume":"12","author":"Antunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref51","author":"Precision-Biosciences"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.02.028","article-title":"Expanding DdCBE-mediated targeting scope to aC motif preference in rat","volume":"32","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01256-8","article-title":"CRISPR-free base editors with enhanced activity and expanded targeting scope in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA","volume":"40","author":"Mok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21464-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA editing in mice with DddA-TALE fusion deaminases","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.11.016","article-title":"DdCBE mediates efficient and inheritable modifications in mouse mitochondrial genome","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00325-7","article-title":"Precision modeling of mitochondrial disease in rats via DdCBE-mediated mtDNA editing","volume":"7","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00307-9","article-title":"Precision modeling of mitochondrial diseases in zebrafish via DdCBE-mediated mtDNA base editing","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28358-w","article-title":"In vivo mitochondrial base editing via adeno-associated viral delivery to mouse post-mitotic tissue","volume":"13","author":"Silva-Pinheiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0361-1","article-title":"GOTI, a method to identify genome-wide off-target effects of genome editing in mouse embryos","volume":"15","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00391-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial base editor DdCBE causes substantial DNA off-target editing in nuclear genome of embryos","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00968-1","article-title":"A library of base editors for the precise ablation of all protein-coding genes in the mouse mitochondrial genome","volume":"7","author":"Silva-Pinheiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36600-2","article-title":"DddA homolog search and engineering expand sequence compatibility of mitochondrial base editing","volume":"14","author":"Mi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.04.012","article-title":"A DddA ortholog-based and transactivator-assisted nuclear and mitochondrial cytosine base editors with expanded target compatibility","volume":"83","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01486-w","article-title":"Precision mitochondrial DNA editing with high-fidelity DddA-derived base editors","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.039","article-title":"Targeted A-to-G base editing in human mitochondrial DNA with programmable deaminases","volume":"185","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42359-3","article-title":"Developing mitochondrial base editors with diverse context compatibility and high fidelity via saturated spacer library","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-27962-0","article-title":"Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA editing in human cells with zinc finger deaminases","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34784-7","article-title":"Compact zinc finger base editors that edit mitochondrial or nuclear DNA in vitro and in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Willis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0453-z","article-title":"Phage-assisted evolution of an adenine base editor with improved Cas domain compatibility and activity","volume":"38","author":"Richter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01163-8","article-title":"Engineering a precise adenine base editor with minimal bystander editing","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"2025052720021547900_ref71","article-title":"Strand-selective base editing of human mitochondrial DNA using mitoBEs","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"}],"container-title":["Human Molecular Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article-pdf\/33\/R1\/R92\/57824187\/ddae037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article-pdf\/33\/R1\/R92\/57824187\/ddae037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:02:37Z","timestamp":1748390557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hmg\/article\/33\/R1\/R92\/7679413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"R1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddae037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-6906","1460-2083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-6906","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]}}}