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This unicellular, obligate intracellular parasite causes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from localized cutaneous lesions to systemic visceral infections. Despite advancements in modern medicine and increased understanding of the parasite\u2019s etiology and associated diseases, treatment options remain limited to pentavalent antimonials, liposomal amphotericin B, and miltefosine. A deeper understanding of the interactions between immune and non-immune cells involved in the clearance of Leishmania spp. infections could uncover novel therapeutic strategies for this debilitating disease. This review highlights recent progress in elucidating how various cell types contribute to the regulation and resolution of Leishmania spp. infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T08:28:06Z","timestamp":1745742486000},"page":"R83-R109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["An overview of host immune responses against <i>Leishmania spp.<\/i> infections"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hanna","family":"Paton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Program , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52442,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabuddha","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Program , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52442,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prajwal","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammation Program , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52442,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Immunology Graduate Program , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology , University of Iowa, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Immunology and Immune Based Disease, University of Iowa , 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center , 601 US-6, Iowa City, IA 52246 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100708214955700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03240-z","article-title":"Sand flies: basic information on the vectors of leishmaniasis and their interactions with Leishmania parasites","volume":"5","author":"Cecilio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2025100708214955700_ref2","first-page":"653","article-title":"Weekly epidemiological record","volume":"99","author":"WHO","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Health 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