{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:06:36Z","timestamp":1787065596958,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","funder":[{"name":"VA Cooperative Study Program","award":["#2006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2006"]}]},{"name":"VA Cooperative Study Program","award":["Project 029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project 029"]}]},{"name":"VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality","award":["CIN13-413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIN13-413"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a multi-symptom chronic condition that affects Veterans who served in the 1990\u20131991 Gulf War (GW). To generate novel information about GWI pathogenesis, we used genome-wide data available from 33\u2009523 Veterans of diverse ancestral backgrounds who served during the 1990\u20131991 Gulf War era (34% deployed). Polygenic score (PGS) analysis showed GWI pleiotropy for several traits with the strongest evidence for type-2 diabetes (T2D), anxiety, and depression. While T2D PGS was associated with higher GWI odds in GW Veterans, anxiety and depression PGSs were associated with higher odds of GWI in non-deployed GW-era Veterans. Seven independent variants were identified (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20095\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010-8). Two of them were supported by independent transcriptomic and phenome-wide analyses. Rs4675853 was associated with AGXT, MAB21L4, and ATG4Btranscriptomic regulation and with sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Rs138168412 was associated with AOPEPtranscriptomic regulation and with respiratory function and physical strength. The TWAS identified five additional loci such as CEMIPin the cerebellum and SNCGin the adrenal gland. The results provide a comprehensive assessment of the polygenic architecture of GWI research definitions, identifying mechanisms potentially relevant to the disease pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T11:52:28Z","timestamp":1747223548000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unraveling the genetics of gulf war illness in diverse participants enrolled in the million veteran program"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gita A","family":"Pathak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , 60 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06510 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , 60 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06510 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Cabrera-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , 60 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06510 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice B S","family":"Nono Djotsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center , 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , 1 Baylor Plz, Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank R","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , 60 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06510 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto , 19 Russell St, Mississauga, ON M5S 2S2 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E3 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"De Lillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Friligkou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , 60 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06510 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela R","family":"Kouakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh M","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (CSP-CERC), VA Connecticut Healthcare System , 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , 60 Temple St, New Haven, CT 06510 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Vahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Department of Veterans Affairs , 508 Fulton St, Durham, NC 27705 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Duke University , 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, NC 27710 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Health Research Program, Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine , 1977 Butler Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Quaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System , 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02130 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System , 150 S Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02130 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine , 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA 02118 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah T","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. 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