{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:12:20Z","timestamp":1762186340242,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Class I rhodopsin mutations are known for some of the most severe forms of vision impairments in dominantly inherited rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa. They disrupt the VxPx transport signal, which is required for the proper localization of rhodopsin to the outer segments. While various studies have focused on the light-dependent toxicity of mutant rhodopsin, it remains unclear whether and how these mutations exert dominant-negative effects. Using the class I RhoQ344X rhodopsin knock-in mouse model, we characterized the expression of rhodopsin and other genes by RNA sequencing and qPCR. Those studies indicated that rhodopsin is the most prominently downregulated photoreceptor-specific gene in RhoQ344X\/+ mice. Rhodopsin mRNA is downregulated significantly prior to the onset of rod degeneration, whereas mRNA downregulation of other phototransduction components, transducin\u03b1, and Pde6\u03b1, occurs after the onset and correlate with the degree of rod cell loss. Those studies indicated that the mutant rhodopsin gene causes downregulation of wild-type rhodopsin, imposing a transcript-level dominant-negative effect. Moreover, it causes downregulation of the mutant mRNA itself, mitigating the toxicity. The transcript-level dominant effect was also observed in the major class II rhodopsin mutant model, RhoP23H\/+ mice, in which mutant rhodopsin is prone to misfold. Potentially due to mitigated toxicity by reduced rhodopsin expression, RhoQ344X\/+ mice did not exhibit light-dependent exacerbation of rod degeneration, even after continuous exposure of mice for 5\u00a0days at 3000 lux. Thus, this study describes a novel form of dominant-negative effect in inherited neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:44:09Z","timestamp":1759859049000},"page":"1884-1901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptional downregulation of rhodopsin is associated with desensitization of rods to light-induced damage in a murine model of retinitis pigmentosa"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimpei","family":"Takita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , 1160 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , 320 W 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemavathy","family":"Harikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , 1160 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , 320 W 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4325-1216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Miyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine , 1160 W. 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