{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:53:21Z","timestamp":1791852801827,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the human, mutations of OTX2 (Orthodenticle homeobox 2 transcription factor) translate into eye malformations of variable expressivity (even between the two eyes of the same individual) and incomplete penetrance, suggesting the existence of subtle thresholds in OTX2 activity. We have addressed this issue by analyzing retinal structure and function in six mutant mice with graded Otx2 activity: Otx2+\/+, Otx2+\/AA, Otx2+\/GFP, Otx2AA\/AA, Otx2AA\/GFP and Otx2GFP\/GFP. Null mice (Otx2GFP\/GFP) fail to develop the head and are embryonic lethal, and compound heterozygous Otx2AA\/GFP mice show a truncated head and die at birth. All other genotypes develop until adulthood. We analyzed eye structure and visual physiology in the genotypes that develop until adulthood and report that phenotype severity parallels Otx2 activity. Otx2+\/AA are only mildly affected whereas Otx2+\/GFP are more affected than Otx2+\/AA but less than Otx2AA\/AA mice. Otx2AA\/AA mice later manifest the most severe defects, with variable expressivity. Electrophysiological and histological analyses of the mouse retina revealed progressive death of bipolar cells and cone photoreceptors that is both Otx2 activity- and age-dependent with the same ranking of phenotypic severity. This study demonstrates the importance of gene dosage in the development of age-dependent pathologies and underscores the fact that small gene dosage differences can cause significant pathological states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1384478185000},"page":"1742-1753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Graded Otx2 activities demonstrate dose-sensitive eye and retina phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Bernard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241\/INSERM U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France"},{"name":"2 \u00a0Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Tai","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"Torero Ibad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241\/INSERM U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France"},{"name":"2 \u00a0Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Simonutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 \u00a0UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de la vision, ParisF-75012, France"},{"name":"5 \u00a0INSERM, U968, ParisF-75012, France"},{"name":"6 \u00a0CNRS, UMR_7210, ParisF-75012, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Picaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 \u00a0UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de la vision, ParisF-75012, France"},{"name":"5 \u00a0INSERM, U968, ParisF-75012, France"},{"name":"6 \u00a0CNRS, UMR_7210, ParisF-75012, France"},{"name":"7 \u00a0Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, ParisF-75019, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Acampora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8 \u00a0Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy"},{"name":"9 \u00a0IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is) 86077, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8 \u00a0Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy"},{"name":"9 \u00a0IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is) 86077, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel A.","family":"Di Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241\/INSERM U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France"},{"name":"2 \u00a0Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Prochiantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241\/INSERM U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France"},{"name":"2 \u00a0Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 \u00a0Coll\u00e8ge de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, UMR CNRS 7241\/INSERM U1050, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris 75005, France"},{"name":"2 \u00a0Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 \u00a0Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022050522033478200_DDT562C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1086\/430721","article-title":"Heterozygous mutations of OTX2 cause severe ocular malformations","volume":"76","author":"Ragge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. 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