{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:38:52Z","timestamp":1772138332138,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institutes of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Centers of Biomedical Research Excellence"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Epidemiology at Dartmouth","award":["P20GM104416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM104416"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA216265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA216265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA230478-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA230478-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01ES022832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01ES022832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD-83544201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD-83544201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-08-1-0721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-08-1-0721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prior candidate gene studies have shown tumor suppressor DNA methylation in breast milk related with history of breast biopsy, an established risk factor for breast cancer. To further establish the utility of breast milk as a tissue-specific biospecimen for investigations of breast carcinogenesis, we measured genome-wide DNA methylation in breast milk from women with and without a diagnosis of breast cancer in two independent cohorts. DNA methylation was assessed using Illumina HumanMethylation450k in 87 breast milk samples. Through an epigenome-wide association study we explored CpG sites associated with a breast cancer diagnosis in the prospectively collected milk samples from the breast that would develop cancer compared with women without a diagnosis of breast cancer using linear mixed effects models adjusted for history of breast biopsy, age, RefFreeCellMix cell estimates, time of delivery, array chip and subject as random effect. We identified 58 differentially methylated CpG sites associated with a subsequent breast cancer diagnosis (q-value &amp;lt;0.05). Nearly all CpG sites associated with a breast cancer diagnosis were hypomethylated in cases compared with controls and were enriched for CpG islands. In addition, inferred repeat element methylation was lower in breast milk DNA from cases compared to controls, and cases exhibited increased estimated epigenetic mitotic tick rate as well as DNA methylation age compared with controls. Breast milk has utility as a biospecimen for prospective assessment of disease risk, for understanding the underlying molecular basis of breast cancer risk factors and improving primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T15:12:16Z","timestamp":1575645136000},"page":"662-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prediagnostic breast milk DNA methylation alterations in women who develop breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lucas A","family":"Salas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"},{"name":"The Children\u2019s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara N","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"},{"name":"The Children\u2019s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva P","family":"Browne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C","family":"Punska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas L","family":"Anderton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbus, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R","family":"Karagas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"},{"name":"The Children\u2019s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen F","family":"Arcaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brock C","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"},{"name":"Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03766, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020031304072437400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA. 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