{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:15:43Z","timestamp":1789388143954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province","award":["CX20200700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX20200700"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Innovation Teams","award":["T2023025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2023025"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFB006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32230073, 32401637, 32171843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32230073, 32401637, 32171843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vernicia montana is a dioecious woody tree with a ZW sex determination system, yet the molecular basis of sex determination remains poorly understood. Here, we constructed a chromosome-level, haplotype-resolved female genome assembly using PacBio HiFi sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding, and integrated population-scale coverage-based genome-wide association analysis of 178 natural individuals to identify sex-associated loci. A highly localized sex-associated signal was detected on ChrB02, defining a\u2009~61.4-kb\u00a0W-specific sex-determining region (SDR) that is sharply bounded by conserved syntenic blocks but internally enriched in haplotype-specific insertions, duplications, inversions, and a complex inverted-repeat architecture. Polymerase chain reaction assays further validated multiple female-specific segments within this structurally heterogeneous region. Two conserved genes were identified at the SDR boundaries. Notably, VmBASS4.2 displayed pronounced developmental dynamics and broad reproductive expression and is positioned adjacent to major structural rearrangements within the SDR, making it a compelling candidate for functional validation. Heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis impaired stigma receptivity and increased floral and silique abortion, supporting a dosage-sensitive role in reproductive development. Collectively, our findings suggest that sex determination in V. montana is not driven by the emergence of a novel sex-determining gene but instead is associated with local inverted-repeat-mediated structural remodeling that reshapes the regulatory landscape of pre-existing boundary genes such as VmBASS4.2. This study proposes an inverted-repeat-mediated SDR evolution model, providing a plausible framework linking local structural architecture to regulatory divergence during the early evolution of homomorphic sex chromosomes in plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhag149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:28:13Z","timestamp":1776166093000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of female\n                    <i>Vernicia montana<\/i>\n                    elucidates its W-specific sex-determination region"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Economic Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Wuhan, Hubei 430000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaguo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Academy of Forestry , Wuhan, Hubei 430000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 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,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization , Huanggang, Hubei 438000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resources Utilization, Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha 410004 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