{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T03:07:32Z","timestamp":1789009652279,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academic New Talent Project of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["[2023]-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2023]-46"]}]},{"name":"State Administration of Chinese Traditional Medicine","award":["20200501\u2013542329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200501\u2013542329"]}]},{"name":"State Administration of Chinese Traditional Medicine","award":["20191217\u2013540124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20191217\u2013540124"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Xizang Autonomous Region","award":["XZ202401ZY0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202401ZY0009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81973420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD1201600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1201600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced in Artemisia annua, is the most effective antimalarial compound, but its low natural abundance in A. annua remains a major bottleneck for large-scale production. Increasing its biosynthesis requires a better understanding of the regulatory networks controlling artemisinin biosynthesis genes. Several jasmonate (JA)-responsive transcription factors have been characterized, but the role of upstream kinases remains poorly understood. Here, we identify AaSnRK2.6, a SnRK2III-type protein kinase, as a novel positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis. AaSnRK2.6 expression was strongly induced by methyl jasmonate and abscisic acid, and the protein is localized to both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Protein interaction assays revealed that AaSnRK2.6 specifically interacts with the JA-responsive TF AaORA in the nucleus, and an in vitro kinase assay further showed that AaSnRK2.6 directly phosphorylates AaORA. Dual-luciferase assays showed that AaSnRK2.6 enhances AaORA-mediated activation of key artemisinin biosynthetic genes (amorpha-4,11-diene synthase, DBR2, and ALDH1). Overexpression of AaSnRK2.6 alone or AaORA alone significantly increased artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid accumulation, while co-overexpression of AaSnRK2.6 and AaORA in transgenic plants produced the stronger effect. By contrast, RNA interference knockdown of AaSnRK2.6 showed no significant effect on artemisinin levels, likely due to functional redundancy of kinases. Collectively, this study supports a positive kinase-TF regulatory module involved in hormone-responsive artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua and provides new insights into its regulatory mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhag287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:49:58Z","timestamp":1783428598000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AaSnRK2.6 interacts with AaORA to positively regulate artemisinin biosynthesis in\n                    <i>Artemisia annua<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guoping","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Resource-Efficient Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Guiyang 550025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahmoud","family":"Nagdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, National Research Centre , Dokki, Cairo 12311 ,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3840-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College , Chongqing 401331 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest Bio-resources R&D Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090922412421000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/415670a","article-title":"Malaria in 2002","volume":"415","author":"Greenwood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090922412421000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2009.07.009","article-title":"Localization of enzymes of artemisinin biosynthesis to the apical cells of glandular secretory trichomes of Artemisia annua L","volume":"70","author":"Olsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2026090922412421000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155165","article-title":"Qinghaosu (artemisinin): the price of 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