{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:39:48Z","timestamp":1793813988737,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":54,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011925","name":"ESHRE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n What is the recommended management for medically assisted reproduction (MAR) in patients with a viral infection or disease, based on the best available evidence in the literature?<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n The ESHRE guideline on MAR in patients with a viral infection\/disease makes 78 recommendations on prevention of horizontal and vertical transmission before, during and after MAR, and the impact on its outcomes, and these also include recommendations regarding laboratory safety on the processing and storage of gametes and embryos testing positive for viral infections.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n The development of new and improved anti-viral medications has resulted in improved life expectancy and quality of life for patients with viral infections\/diseases. Patients of reproductive age are increasingly exploring their options for family creation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n The guideline was developed according to the structured methodology for the development of ESHRE guidelines. After the formulation of nine key questions for six viruses (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papilloma virus, human T-lymphotropic virus I\/II and Zika virus) by a group of experts, literature searches and assessments were performed. Papers published up to 2 November 2020 and written in English were included in the review. Evidence was analyzed by female, male or couple testing positive for the virus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Based on the collected evidence, recommendations were formulated and discussed until consensus was reached within the guideline group. There were 61 key questions to be answered by the guideline development group (GDG), of which 12 were answered as narrative questions and 49 as PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions. A stakeholder review was organized after the finalization of the draft. The final version was approved by the GDG and the ESHRE Executive Committee.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n This guideline aims to help providers meet a growing demand for guidance on the management of patients with a viral infection\/disease presenting in the fertility clinic.<\/jats:p>\n The guideline makes 78 recommendations on prevention of viral transmission before and during MAR, and interventions to reduce\/avoid vertical transmission to the newborn. Preferred MAR treatments and interventions are described together with the effect of viral infections on outcomes. The GDG formulated 44 evidence-based recommendations\u2014of which 37 were formulated as strong recommendations and 7 as weak\u201433 good practice points (GPP) and one research only recommendation. Of the evidence-based recommendations, none were supported by high-quality evidence, two by moderate-quality evidence, 15 by low-quality evidence and 27 by very low-quality evidence. To support future research in the field of MAR in patients with a viral infection\/disease, a list of research recommendations is provided.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n Most interventions included are not well-studied in patients with a viral infection\/disease. For a large proportion of interventions, evidence was very limited and of very low quality. More evidence is required for these interventions, especially in the field of human papilloma virus (HPV). Such future studies may require the current recommendations to be revised.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n The guideline provides clinicians with clear advice on best practice in MAR for patients with a viral infection\/disease, based on the best evidence currently available. In addition, a list of research recommendations is provided to stimulate further studies in the field.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n The guideline was developed and funded by ESHRE, covering expenses associated with the guideline meetings, with the literature searches and with the dissemination of the guideline. The guideline group members did not receive any financial incentives, all work was provided voluntarily. A.D. reports research fees from Ferring and Merck, consulting fees from Ferring, outside the submitted work. C.P. reports speakers fees from Merck and MSD outside the submitted work. K.T. reports speakers fees from Cooper Surgical and Ferring and consultancy fees as member of the advisory board BioTeam of Ferring, outside the submitted work. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n DISCLAIMER<\/jats:title>\n This guideline represents the views of ESHRE, which were achieved after careful consideration of the scientific evidence available at the time of preparation. In the absence of scientific evidence on certain aspects, a consensus between the relevant ESHRE stakeholders has been obtained.<\/jats:p>\n Adherence to these clinical practice guidelines does not guarantee a successful or specific outcome, nor does it establish a standard of care. Clinical practice guidelines do not replace the need for application of clinical judgment to each individual presentation, nor variations based on locality and facility type.<\/jats:p>\n ESHRE makes no warranty, express or implied, regarding the clinical practice guidelines and specifically excludes any warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular use or purpose. (Full disclaimer available at \u00a0www.eshre.eu\/guidelines.)<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoab037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T19:10:57Z","timestamp":1634843457000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["ESHRE guideline: medically assisted reproduction in patients with a viral infection\/disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2021","author":[{"name":"ESHRE Guideline Group on Viral infection\/disease","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harish M","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Mania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki","family":"Konsta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ippokratis","family":"Sarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Calhaz-Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Matik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianhong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Siristatidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimball O","family":"Pomeroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janek","family":"von Byern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3094-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Rotunda Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Drakeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women\u2019s Hospital , Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus S","family":"Kupka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Gynaekologicum Hamburg , Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelin E","family":"Lara-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Egg Donation, IVI RMA Global Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4574-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Le Clef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology , Grimbergen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem","family":"Ombelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, ZOL Hospitals, Genk Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University , Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4885-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Patrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APHP Centre\u2014University of Paris, Cochin, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction\u2014CECOS , Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Pennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG) Ghent University , Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto Enrico","family":"Semprini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan , Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Tilleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Tognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Tonch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location AMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X&Y Fertility , Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6346(98)00004-7","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus in various human body fluids: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Ackerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D6-375","article-title":"HIV-free survival and morbidity among breast-fed and formula-fed infants and young children in a prevention of MTCT of HIV program in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2014","volume":"7","author":"Assefa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832b7dca","article-title":"Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Attia","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(81)90065-5","article-title":"Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, e-antigen and its antibody in menstrual blood and semen","volume":"19","author":"Ayoola","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.4.903","article-title":"HIV-particles in spermatozoa of patients with AIDS and their transfer into the oocyte","volume":"127","author":"Baccetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq057","article-title":"HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention","volume":"39","author":"Baggaley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.05.001","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intrauterine insemination and assisted reproductive technology in populations serodiscordant for human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix967","article-title":"Virus and antibody dynamics in travelers with acute Zika virus infection","volume":"66","author":"Barzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2004.12.004","article-title":"Non-transmission of bacterial and viral microbes to embryos and semen stored in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen in dry shippers","volume":"50","author":"Bielanski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B10","first-page":"174","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type I and breastfeeding; systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Boostani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3252-3255.2002","article-title":"Detection and characterization of hepatitis C virus RNA in seminal plasma and spermatozoon fractions of semen from patients attempting medically assisted conception","volume":"40","author":"Bourlet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den414","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the threat related to the use of seminal fractions from hepatitis C virus-infected men in assisted reproductive techniques","volume":"24","author":"Bourlet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.04.011","article-title":"Good efficiency of intrauterine insemination programme for serodiscordant couples with HIV-1 infected male partner: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"135","author":"Bujan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181b35693","article-title":"Influence of partner\u2019s infection status on prevalent human papillomavirus among persons with a new sex partner","volume":"37","author":"Burchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652006000400005","article-title":"Detection of HIV and HCV RNA in semen from Brazilian coinfected men using multiplex PCR before and after semen washing","volume":"48","author":"Canto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.12.3153","article-title":"A modified RT-PCR technique to screen for viral RNA in the semen of hepatitis C virus-positive men","volume":"17","author":"Cassuto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2015.1030606","article-title":"Effect of mode of delivery on vertical human papillomavirus transmission\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Chatzistamatiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2006.06.002","article-title":"Cryovial with partial membrane sealing can prevent liquid nitrogen penetration in submerged storage","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2019.03.024","article-title":"Vaginal delivery and HBV mother to child transmission risk after immunoprophylaxis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12623","article-title":"Influence of male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on the reproductive outcomes in serodiscordant couples: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Cito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-2-201301150-00575","article-title":"Reducing risk for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"158","author":"Cottrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05482.x","article-title":"Influence of infant feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa","volume":"918","author":"Coutsoudis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199209000-00013","article-title":"HIV-1 transmission through breast-milk: Appraisal of risk according to duration of feeding","volume":"6","author":"De Martino","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.08.005","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infects human seminal vesicles in vitro and in vivo","volume":"179","author":"Deleage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.6.1394","article-title":"Seropositivities to human papillomavirus types 16, 18, or 33 capsids and to Chlamydia trachomatis are markers of sexual behavior","volume":"173","author":"Dillner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(06)80064-6","article-title":"Spermatozoa as potential carriers of HIV","volume":"144","author":"Dussaix","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res Virol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12021","article-title":"Can hepatitis B virus DNA in semen be predicted by serum levels of hepatitis B virus DNA, HBeAg, and HBsAg in chronically infected men from infertile couples?","volume":"3","author":"Fei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh460","article-title":"Report of the results of a 2 year programme of sperm wash and ICSI treatment for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus serodiscordant couples","volume":"19","author":"Garrido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.03.061","article-title":"The effectiveness of modified sperm washes in severely oligoasthenozoospermic men infected with human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C viruses","volume":"86","author":"Garrido","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1588-9","article-title":"Effect of cesarean section on the risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from HCV-RNA+\/HIV\u2212 mothers: a meta-analysis","volume":"283","author":"Ghamar Chehreh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-477","article-title":"High risk human papillomavirus and Epstein Barr virus in human breast milk","volume":"5","author":"Glenn","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.12.011","article-title":"Contaminated liquid nitrogen vapour as a risk factor in pathogen transfer","volume":"71","author":"Grout","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890160109","article-title":"Presence of HBV DNA in spermatozoa: a possible vertical transmission of HBV via the germ line","volume":"16","author":"Hadchouel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.0706162","article-title":"Transmission of human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples","volume":"14","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.938","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission as the most common route of acute hepatitis B virus infection among adults in Taiwan\u2013the importance of extending vaccination to susceptible adults","volume":"167","author":"Hou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1998.tb00590.x","article-title":"Evidence of transmission of hepatitis B virus to spouses from sequence analysis of the viral genome","volume":"13","author":"Huo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4297\/najms.2010.2427","article-title":"Post-natal maternal antiretroviral therapy and HIV prevalence among breast-fed infants in Benin, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Imade","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B38","first-page":"366","article-title":"Sexual transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Infection of husbands by HBsAg carrier-state wives","volume":"55","author":"Inaba","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-014-0307-2","article-title":"Immunization interventions to interrupt hepatitis B virus mother-to-child transmission: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30444-9","article-title":"Effect of acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: a prospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"Joguet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003877","article-title":"Survival of infants born to HIV-positive mothers, by feeding modality, in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Kagaayi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318141fe9b","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus viral load in blood plasma and semen: review and implications of empirical findings","volume":"35","author":"Kalichman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199606010-00014","article-title":"Male-to-female transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II: association with viral load. The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study Group","volume":"12","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Acquir Immun Def Syndrom Human Retrovirol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B44","first-page":"436","article-title":"Intra-familial transmission of chronic hepatitis B infection: a large population-based cohort study in northern Iran","volume":"21","author":"Katoonizadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001535","article-title":"Elective cesarean section for women living with HIV: a systematic review of risks and benefits","volume":"31","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B46","first-page":"101","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus is sexually transmitted: evidence from a follow-up study of virgins starting sexual activity (intercourse)","volume":"10","author":"Kjaer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38719.435833.7C","article-title":"Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"332","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1350","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180311","article-title":"Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review","volume":"190","author":"LeMessurier","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.11.015","article-title":"Intracytoplasmic sperm injection with microsurgically retrieved spermatozoa in azoospermic men infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 or hepatitis C virus: the EP43 AZONECO ANRS study","volume":"99","author":"Leruez-Ville","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001546","article-title":"Breast milk is a potential vehicle for human papillomavirus transmission to oral mucosa of the spouse","volume":"36","author":"Louvanto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku404","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccine alone or with hepatitis B immunoglobulin in neonates of HBsAg+\/HBeAg\u2013 mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Machaira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh275","article-title":"Validation of safety procedures for the cryopreservation of semen contaminated with hepatitis C virus in assisted reproductive technology","volume":"19","author":"Maertens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000161773.29029.c0","article-title":"Mode of infant feeding and HIV infection in children in a program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Uganda","volume":"19","author":"Magoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517208","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/517208","article-title":"Lights and shadows about the effectiveness of IVF in HIV infected women: a systematic review","volume":"2015","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200205000-00010","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in breastfed and formula-fed infants of HIV-1-infected women: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Mbori-Ngacha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1711038","article-title":"Zika virus shedding in semen of symptomatic infected men","volume":"378","author":"Mead","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)04275-9","article-title":"Comparison of polymerase chain reaction-dependent methods for determining the presence of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus in washed sperm","volume":"78","author":"Meseguer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00755-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00755-19","article-title":"HIV diversity and genetic compartmentalization in blood and testes during suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2011.12.005","article-title":"Use of liquid nitrogen during storage in a cell and tissue bank: contamination risk and effect on the detectability of potential viral contaminants","volume":"64","author":"Mirabet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B60","first-page":"291","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology and obstetric outcome in couples when the male partner has a chronic viral disease","volume":"7","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.03.024","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal contamination risks in human oocyte and embryo cryopreservation: open versus closed vitrification systems","volume":"106","author":"Molina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.07.006","article-title":"Detection of Zika virus RNA in semen of asymptomatic blood donors","volume":"23","author":"Musso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B63","first-page":"58","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) status in newborns born to HCV positive women performing intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"12","author":"Nesrine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.021","article-title":"Assisted conception does not increase the risk for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus, compared with natural conception: a prospective cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1049-3","article-title":"HIV-1 transmission and survival according to feeding options in infants born to HIV-infected women in Yaounde","volume":"18","author":"Njom Nlend","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2000.00528.x","article-title":"Impact of infant feeding practices on the risk of mother to child transmission of HIV-1 in Zimbabwe","volume":"36","author":"Olayinka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24745","article-title":"High risk of heterosexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in Brazil","volume":"89","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25939-y","article-title":"Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 vertical transmission in Brazil: longer breastfeeding, higher maternal proviral load and previous HTLV-1-infected offspring","volume":"8","author":"Paiva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613108","article-title":"Persistence of Zika virus in body fluids\u2014final report","volume":"379","author":"Paz-Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832ec20d","article-title":"Breastfeeding with maternal antiretroviral therapy or formula feeding to prevent HIV postnatal mother-to-child transmission in Rwanda","volume":"23","author":"Peltier","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.07.1663","article-title":"HIV-1 or hepatitis C chronic infection in serodiscordant infertile couples has no impact on infertility treatment outcome","volume":"93","author":"Prisant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i34.5385","article-title":"Rapid quantification of semen hepatitis B virus DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1086\/516541","article-title":"T lymphocytes and macrophages, but not motile spermatozoa, are a significant source of human immunodeficiency virus in semen","volume":"176","author":"Quayle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480180063030","article-title":"Sexual practices in the transmission of hepatitis B virus and prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection in female prostitutes in the United States","volume":"267","author":"Rosenblum","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1086\/429410","article-title":"A prospective study of sexual transmission of human T lymphotropic virus HTLV-I and HTLV-II","volume":"191","author":"Roucoux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.122125","article-title":"Establishing a clinical program for human immunodeficiency virus 1-seropositive men to father seronegative children by means of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection","volume":"186","author":"Sauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.12.012","article-title":"Should HCV discordant couples with a seropositive male partner be treated with assisted reproduction techniques (ART)?","volume":"167","author":"Savasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.03.011","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus RNA detection in different semen fractions of HCV\/HIV-1 co-infected men by nested PCR","volume":"151","author":"Savasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.12.012","article-title":"Seroprotection after recombinant hepatitis B vaccination among newborn infants: a review","volume":"31","author":"Schillie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.1.57","article-title":"Heterosexual transmission of human T cell leukemia\/lymphoma virus type I among married couples in southwestern Japan: an initial report from the Miyazaki Cohort Study","volume":"167","author":"Stuver","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199810010-00014","article-title":"Infant feeding and risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Sao Paulo Collaborative Study for Vertical Transmission of HIV-1","volume":"19","author":"Tess","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immun Def Syndrom Human Retrovirol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2019.62","article-title":"HBV transmission risk assessment in healthcare workers, household and sexual contacts of HBV infected patients in the Southwest Region of Cameroon","volume":"34","author":"Tufon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B83","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.01.127","article-title":"Systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of assisted reproduction techniques in couples serodiscordant for human immunodeficiency virus where the man is positive","volume":"95","author":"Vitorino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit018","article-title":"Concordance and transmission of human papillomavirus within heterosexual couples observed over short intervals","volume":"207","author":"Widdice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2011.570814","article-title":"The possibility of vertical transmission of human papillomavirus through maternal milk","volume":"31","author":"Yoshida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13129","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13129","article-title":"Sperm can act as vectors for HIV-1 transmission into vaginal and cervical epithelial cells","volume":"82","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.028","article-title":"Effectiveness of semen washing to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and assist pregnancy in HIV-discordant couples: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Zafer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-502","article-title":"Should chronic hepatitis B mothers breastfeed? A meta analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2023013113045693700_hoab037-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4787-4","article-title":"Intrauterine HPV transmission: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"298","author":"Zouridis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoab037\/40836806\/hoab037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/article-pdf\/2021\/4\/hoab037\/49000848\/hoab037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/article-pdf\/2021\/4\/hoab037\/49000848\/hoab037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T22:04:33Z","timestamp":1675202673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoab037\/6409864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoab037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"article-number":"hoab037"}}