{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:00:58Z","timestamp":1790622058939,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>What are the primary outcomes and outcome measures used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating potential treatments for male infertility in the last 10\u2009years?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title><jats:p>Outcome reporting across male infertility trials is heterogeneous with numerous definitions and measures used to define similar outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title><jats:p>No core outcome set for male infertility trials has been developed. Male infertility trials are unique in that they have potentially three participants, a man, a female partner and their offspring and this will likely lead to significant variation in outcome reporting in randomized trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of RCTs mapping outcomes and outcome measures evaluating potential treatments for men with infertility registered in the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) between January 2010 and July 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abstract screening and study selection was undertaken in duplicate using a review protocol that was developed prior to commencing the review. No risk of bias assessment was undertaken as this review aims to report on outcome reporting only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and seventy-five RCTs were identified, and given the large number of studies we limited our review to the 100 largest trials. Seventy-nine different treatments were reported across the 100 largest RCTs including vitamin and dietary supplements (18 trials), surgical treatments (18 trials) and sperm selection techniques (22 trials). When considering the largest 100 trials (range: 80\u20132772 participants), 36 primary and 89 secondary outcomes were reported. Forty-seven trials reported a primary outcome and 36 trials clearly defined their primary outcome. Pregnancy outcomes were inconsistently reported and included pregnancy rate (51 trials), pregnancy loss including miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth (9 trials) and live birth (13 trials). Trials consistently reporting the same outcome frequently used different definitions. For example, semen quality was reported by 75 trials and was defined in 7 different ways, including; the World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 criteria (32 trials), WHO 1999 criteria (18 trials), WHO 1992 criteria (3 trials), WHO 1999 and 1992 criteria (1 trial) and the Kruger strict morphology criteria (1 trial).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>We only evaluated the 100 largest trials published in the last 10\u2009years and did not report outcomes on the remaining 75. An outcome was included as a primary outcome only if clearly stated in the manuscript and we did not contact authors to clarify this. As our review mapped outcomes and outcome measures, we did not undertake an integrity assessment of the trials included in our review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most randomized trials evaluating treatments for male infertility report different outcomes. Only half of the RCTs reported pregnancy rate and even fewer reported live birth; furthermore, the definitions of these outcomes varies across trials. Developing, disseminating and implementing a minimum data set, known as a core outcome set, for male infertility research could help to improve outcome selection, collection and reporting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title><jats:p>A.P.\u2014chairman of external scientific advisory committee of Cryos International Denmark ApS, member of the scientific advisory board for Cytoswim LDT and ExSeed Health. Guest lecture at the \u2018Insights for Fertility Conference\u2019, funded by MERK SERONO Limited. M.v.W.\u2014holds a ZON-MW research grant. No external funding was obtained for this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T20:12:04Z","timestamp":1646251924000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Outcome reporting across randomized controlled trials evaluating potential treatments for male infertility: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P","family":"Rimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth A","family":"Howie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Fertility Centre, Simpsons Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkatesh","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s Fertility, The Fetal Medicine Research Unit, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7495-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Edinburgh Fertility Centre, Simpsons Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6892-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Pimenta","family":"Bertolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5058-5041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Beebeejaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s Fertility, The Fetal Medicine Research Unit, King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Bortoletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ronald O. 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