{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T19:26:59Z","timestamp":1784402819769,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":100,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007492","name":"Baylor University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n Is the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) a valid and reliable measure of depression in first-time mothers who conceived via ART?<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n The results from this study provide initial support for the reliability and validity of the PHQ-8 as a measure of depression in mothers who have conceived using ART.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n Women who achieved a clinical pregnancy using ART experience many stressors and may be at an increased risk of depression. The PHQ-8 is a brief measure designed to detect the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. It has been validated in many populations; however, it has not been validated for use in this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n This is a cross-sectional study of 171 first-time mothers in the USA, recruited through Amazon\u2019s Mechanical Turk (MTurk).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n The reliability of the PHQ-8 was measured through a Cronbach\u2019s alpha, the convergent validity was measured through the correlation between the PHQ-8 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) measure of anxiety symptoms, and the structural validity was measured through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n The Cronbach\u2019s alpha for the total PHQ-8 was acceptable (\u03b1 = 0.922). The correlation between the PHQ-8 and the GAD-7 was large (r = 0.88) indicating good convergent validity. Ultimately, a bifactor model provided the best model fit (\u03c72(13) = 23.8, P\u2009=\u20090.033; Comparative Fit Index = 0.987; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.07, Tucker\u2013Lewis Index = 0.972).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n The results are limited by: the predominantly white and well-educated sample, a lack of causation between the use of artificial reproductive technology and depressive symptoms, including mothers with children up to 5\u2009years old, convergent validity being based on associations with a related construct instead of the same construct, lack of test-retest reliability, divergent validity and criterion-related validity, data collected through MTurk, and the fact that the measures used were all self-report and therefore may be prone to bias.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n Consistent with previous literature, a bifactor model for the PHQ-8 was supported. As such, when assessing depression in first-time mothers who conceived via ART, using both the PHQ-8 total score and subdomain scores may yield the most valuable information. The results from this study provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the PHQ-8 as a measure of depression in first-time mothers who conceived using ART.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n No specific funding was used for the completion of this study. Throughout the study period and manuscript preparation, the authors were supported by the department funds at Baylor University. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T12:43:26Z","timestamp":1649681006000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reliability and validity of the PHQ-8 in first-time mothers who used assisted reproductive technology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6208-4137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C","family":"Pavlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peninsula Behavioral Health , Palo Alto, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Limbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University , Waco, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0242024","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242024","article-title":"The effect of psychological distress on IVF outcomes: reality or speculations?","volume":"15","author":"Aimagambetova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000521","article-title":"Evaluating the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire's psychometric properties with Mexican and Central American descent university students","volume":"30","author":"Alpizar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1037\/lat0000087","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire for measuring depressive symptoms of Latino emerging adults","volume":"6","author":"Alpizar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Latina\/o Psychol"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative ways of assessing model fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110392383","article-title":"Understanding the impact of convergent validity on research results","volume":"15","author":"Carlson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093623","article-title":"Conducting clinical research using crowdsourced convenience samples","volume":"12","author":"Chandler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/014662168801200410","article-title":"Set correlation and contingency tables","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18047","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of in vitro fertilization","volume":"19","author":"Collins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B099646202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00679.x","article-title":"The impact of maternal depression in young children","volume":"28","author":"Cox","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B2481964","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199235","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199235","article-title":"Factorial validity and invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 among clinical and non-clinical populations","volume":"13","author":"Doi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022053123593816500_hoac019-B8753318","article-title":"Abstract WMP89: Examining the Constructs of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) in the Stroke Population. 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