{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:50:48Z","timestamp":1776837048697,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Is it possible to reduce the cost of GnRH agonist treatment for endometriosis by using non-standard dosing regimens?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title><jats:p>An extended-interval dosing regimen of a 3.75\u2009mg depot formulation of triptorelin injected every 6 weeks instead of every 4 weeks reduces the cost by one-third without compromising the effect on pain relief.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cost constitutes a limit to prolonged GnRH agonists use. Alternative modalities to reduce the economic burden of GnRH agonist treatment have been anecdotally attempted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of three alternative modalities for GnRH use in women with endometriosis, i.e. intermittent oestrogen deprivation therapy, reduced drug dosage, and extended-interval dosing regimens of depot formulations. A PubMed and Embase search was initially conducted in October 2022 and updated in January 2023 using the following search strings: (endometriosis OR adenomyosis) AND (GnRH-agonists OR gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists OR triptorelin OR leuprorelin OR goserelin OR buserelin OR nafarelin). Full-length articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals since 1 January 1980, and reporting original data on GnRH agonist treatment of pain symptoms associated with endometriosis were selected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Information was extracted on study design, GnRH-agonist used, dosage, total duration of therapy, side effects, treatment adherence, and pelvic pain relief. Reviews, commentaries, conference proceedings, case reports, and letters to the editor were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 1664 records screened, 14 studies regarding clinical outcomes associated with the 3 considered alternative modalities for GnRH agonist use were eventually included (intermittent oestrogen deprivation therapy, n\u2009=\u20092; low-dose or \u2018draw-back\u2019 therapy, n\u2009=\u20098; extended-interval dosing regimen, n\u2009=\u20094). Six studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (double blind, n\u2009=\u20092) and eight adopted a prospective cohort design (non-comparative, n\u2009=\u20096; comparative, n\u2009=\u20092). A total of 776 women with endometriosis were recruited in the above studies (intermittent oestrogen deprivation therapy, n\u2009=\u200977; low-dose or \u2018draw-back\u2019 therapy, n\u2009=\u2009528; extended-interval dosing regimen, n\u2009=\u2009171). Robust data demonstrating cost saving without detrimental clinical consequences were available for the extended-interval dosing regimen only. In particular, the 3.75\u2009mg triptorelin depot preparation inhibits ovarian function for a longer period compared with the 3.75\u2009mg leuprorelin depot preparation, allowing injections every 6 instead of 4 weeks. Based on the cost indicated by the Italian Medicine Agency for the 3.75\u2009mg triptorelin depot preparation, this would translate in a yearly saving of \u20ac744.60 (\u20ac2230.15\u2013\u20ac1485.55; \u221233.4%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The quality of the evidence reported in the selected articles was not formally evaluated and a quantitative synthesis could not be performed. Some studies were old and the tested therapeutic approaches were apparently obsolete. Only cost containment associated with GnRH analogue use, and not cost-effectiveness, has been addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consuming less resources without negatively impacting on health outcomes carries ethical and practical implications for individuals and the community, as this approach may result in overall increased healthcare access.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2023, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano). E.S. discloses payments from Ferring for research grants and honoraria from Merck-Serono for lectures. All other authors declare they have no conflict of interest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title><jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T22:11:07Z","timestamp":1680473467000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mitigating the economic burden of GnRH agonist therapy for progestogen-resistant endometriosis: why not?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4195-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Vercellini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi , Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milano, 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