{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:55:10Z","timestamp":1790794510042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish government"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Is ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption associated with semen quality parameters?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher UPF consumption was inversely associated with total sperm count, sperm concentration, and total motility in men of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consumption of UPF, which has been rising during the last decades, has been demonstrated to be positively associated with several chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. However, the scientific evidence on its potential impact on semen quality remains notably limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 200 healthy men (mean age 28.4\u2009\u00b1\u20095.5\u2009years) enrolled in the Led-Fertyl (Lifestyle and Environmental Determinants of Seminogram and Other Male Fertility-Related Parameters) study between February 2021 and April 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UPF consumption (% of energy from UPF) was estimated according to the NOVA classification system using a validated 143-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm vitality, total motility, progressive motility, and normal sperm forms were set as the main outcomes. Microscopic parameters were analyzed using a phase-contrast microscope and a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system. Semen samples were collected and tested according to World Health Organization 2010 standards. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to estimate the associations between UPF tertile and semen quality parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sperm concentration (\u03b2: \u22121.42 \u00d7 106 spz.\/ml; 95% CI: \u22122.72 to \u22120.12) and motility (\u03b2: \u22127.83%; 95% CI: \u221215.16 to \u22120.51) were lower in participants in the highest tertile of UPF compared to the lowest. A similar association was observed for sperm count when UPF was analyzed per 10% increment of energy from UPF consumption (\u03b2: \u22121.50 \u00d7 106 spz.; 95% CI: \u22122.83 to \u22120.17). Theoretically replacing 10% of energy from UPF consumption with 10% of energy from unprocessed or minimally processed food consumption was associated with a higher total sperm count, sperm concentration, total motility, progressive motility, and normal sperm forms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional studies do not permit the drawing of causal inferences. Measurement errors and reporting bias cannot be entirely ruled out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work suggests that consumption of UPF may have an impact on certain semen quality parameters. Furthermore, opting for unprocessed or minimally processed foods instead of UPFs could potentially benefit semen quality. If these results are replicated in future epidemiological studies with different long-term designs, these novel findings could provide valuable insights for updating or even designing preventive and interventional programs to address infertility among men of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was supported by the Spanish government\u2019s official funding agency for biomedical research, ISCIII, through the Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud (FIS), the European Union ERDF\/ESF, \u2018A way to make Europe\u2019\/\u2018Investing in your future\u2019 [PI21\/01447], and the Diputaci\u00f3 de Tarragona (2021\/11-No.Exp. 8004330008-2021-0022642). J.S.-S. gratefully acknowledges the financial support of ICREA under the ICREA Academia program. C.V.-H. received a predoctoral grant from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2022 FI_B100108). M.\u00c1.M. was supported by the Sara Borrell postdoctoral fellowship (CD21\/00045\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)). M.F.d.l.P. was supported by a predoctoral grant from the Rovira i Virgili University and Diputaci\u00f3 de Tarragona (2020-PMF-PIPF-8). All authors have no conflict of interest to declare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoae001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T16:36:36Z","timestamp":1704386196000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Ultra-processed food consumption and semen quality parameters in the Led-Fertyl study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Valle-Hita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Alimentaci\u00f3, Nutrici\u00f3, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5914-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Salas-Huetos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV) , Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies M\u00e8diques B\u00e0siques, Unitat de Medicina Preventiva, Alimentaci\u00f3, Nutrici\u00f3, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental ANUT-DSM, Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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