{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:09:52Z","timestamp":1793138992280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":144,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program","award":["947684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["947684"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Are cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors causally associated with higher risk of infertility among women and men?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking initiation and history of infertility in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several CVD risk factors are associated with history of infertility. Previous studies using Mendelian randomization (MR) further support a causal relationship between BMI and infertility in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from the Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Study (HUNT) in Norway, a prospective population-based cohort study, including 26\u00a0811 women and 15\u00a0598 men participating in three survey collections in 1995\u20131997 (HUNT2), 2006\u20132008 (HUNT3), and 2017\u20132019 (HUNT4).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our outcome was women\u2019s self-reported history of infertility, defined as ever having tried to conceive for 12\u2009months or more or having used ART. We assigned the history of infertility reported by women to their male partners; therefore, the measure of infertility was on the couple level. We used both conventional multivariable analyses and one-sample MR analyses to evaluate the association between female and male CVD risk factors (including BMI, blood pressure, lipid profile measurements, and smoking behaviours) and history of infertility in women and men, separately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4702 women (18%) and 2508 men (16%) were classified with a history of infertility. We found a higher risk of infertility among female smokers compared to non-smokers in both multivariable and MR analyses (odds ratio (OR) in multivariable analysis, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12\u20131.28; OR in MR analysis, 1.13; CI, 1.02\u20131.26), and potentially for higher BMI (OR in multivariable analysis, 1.13; CI, 1.09\u20131.18; OR in MR analysis, 1.11, CI, 0.92\u20131.34). In multivariable analysis in women, we also found evidence of associations between triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lifetime smoking index, and smoking intensity with higher risk of infertility. However, these results were not consistent in MR analyses. We found no robust or consistent associations between male CVD risk factors and infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our main limitation was that the CVD risk factors measured might not adequately capture the relevant time periods for when couples were trying to conceive. Additionally, we did not have information on causes of infertility in either women or men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with infertility could have a worse CVD risk factor profile and thus public health interventions aimed at reducing the impact of some CVD risk factors, such as smoking and BMI, could reduce the burden of infertility. However, additional MR studies of the relationship between CVD risk factors and infertility with a larger sample size would be of value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was supported by a grant from the European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreements no. 947684). This research was also supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme (project no. 262700) and partly funded by the Research Council of Norway, project: Women\u2019s fertility\u2014an essential component of health and well-being (project no. 320656). D.A.L. and A.F. work in a unit that is supported by the University of Bristol and the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011\/6). D.A.L.\u2019s contribution to the article is supported by the European Research Council (101021566), the British Heart Foundation (CH\/F\/20\/90003 and AA\/18\/7\/34219). S.B.\u2019s contribution to the article is supported by the Wellcome Trust (225790\/Z\/22\/Z). B.M.B. is funded by The Liaison Committee for education, research and innovation in Central Norway; and the Joint Research Committee between St. Olavs Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. The genotyping in HUNT was financed by the National Institute of Health (NIH); University of Michigan; The Research Council of Norway; The Liaison Committee for education, research and innovation in Central Norway; and the Joint Research Committee between St. Olavs Hospital and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. None of the funding organizations influenced the study design, reporting, or interpretation of results. The views expressed in the present article are those of the authors and not necessarily any acknowledged funding organization. D.A.L. reports grants from Medtronic Ltd and Roche Diagnostics outside the submitted work. The other authors have no conflicts of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoae033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T09:08:42Z","timestamp":1716455322000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cardiovascular disease risk factors and infertility: multivariable analyses and one-sample Mendelian randomization analyses in the Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoline H","family":"Sk\u00e5ra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Hern\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, Universitat Ramon Llull , Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"N\u00e6ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A","family":"Lawlor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5365-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben M","family":"Brumpton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger, Norway"},{"name":"HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University , Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.88","article-title":"Tracking of body mass index from 7 to 69 years of age","volume":"40","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","article-title":"A unique view on male infertility around the globe","volume":"13","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2016.23","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and infertility in women","volume":"4","author":"Al Awlaqi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac095","article-title":"Cohort profile update: the HUNT study, Norway","volume":"52","author":"\u00c5svold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350440057031","article-title":"Cigarette smoking associated with delayed conception","volume":"253","author":"Baird","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx027","article-title":"How effective are weight-loss interventions for improving fertility in women and men who are overweight or obese? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi072","article-title":"A prospective study of hypertension and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"161","author":"Boynton-Jarrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17117-4","article-title":"Avoiding dynastic, assortative mating, and population stratification biases in Mendelian randomization through within-family analyses","volume":"11","author":"Brumpton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100193","article-title":"The HUNT study: a population-based cohort for genetic research","volume":"2","author":"Brumpton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Genom"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B26048894","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01121-9","article-title":"Towards more reliable non-linear mendelian randomization investigations","author":"Burgess","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.201780","article-title":"Blood pressure tracking over the adult life course","volume":"60","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0607-x","article-title":"Genetic and shared couple environmental contributions to smoking and alcohol use in the UK population","volume":"26","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.09.005","article-title":"Age-related infertility","volume":"42","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13438","article-title":"Serum lipid levels were related to socio-demographic characteristics in a German population-based child cohort","volume":"105","author":"Dathan-Stumpf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"\u2018Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2017.05","article-title":"Infertility-related risk factors: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Deyhoul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex235","article-title":"Weight reduction intervention for obese infertile women prior to IVF: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Einarsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.1.11","article-title":"Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. II. Atherogenic risk factors and potential sources of uterine irritation","volume":"153","author":"Faerstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.009","article-title":"Self-reported infertility, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional analysis among U.S. women","volume":"111","author":"Gleason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.4.722","article-title":"An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists","volume":"29","author":"Greenland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Hamilton","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01113-9"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B22","author":"Hanevik","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92941-6","article-title":"Female infertility: causes and treatment","volume":"343","author":"Healy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R195","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy163","article-title":"Evaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"27","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3141","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab224","article-title":"Body mass index and subfertility: multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization analyses in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study","volume":"36","author":"Hern\u00e1ez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.04.001","article-title":"Smoking and infertility: multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization analyses in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study","volume":"118","author":"Hern\u00e1ez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052510","article-title":"Associations between lifetime tobacco exposure with infertility and age at natural menopause: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study","volume":"25","author":"Hyland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051458","article-title":"Associations of lifetime active and passive smoking with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis of historical data from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"24","author":"Hyland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys095","article-title":"Cohort profile: the HUNT study, Norway","volume":"42","author":"Krokstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2019.8.2.67","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis in observational epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Atheroscler"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24285","article-title":"Serum lipids and endometrial cancer risk: results from the HUNT-II study","volume":"124","author":"Lindemann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43224","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302645200","article-title":"Leptin induces the hepatic high density lipoprotein receptor scavenger receptor B type I (SR-BI) but not cholesterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) in leptin-deficient (ob\/ob) mice","volume":"278","author":"Lund\u00e5sen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32300-4_1","volume-title":"Male Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART and Antioxidants","author":"Machen","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00718-8","article-title":"Time-to-pregnancy and risk of cardiovascular disease among men and women","volume":"36","author":"Magnus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-017-0034-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors among women with self-reported infertility","volume":"3","author":"Mahalingaiah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06228.x","article-title":"Role of leptin in reproduction","volume":"900","author":"Mantizoros","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx143","article-title":"Prevalence of adult overweight and obesity in 20 European countries, 2014","volume":"28","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2012.08.002","article-title":"Relationship between leptin and body mass and metabolic syndrome in an adult population","volume":"31","author":"Martins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1434.000","article-title":"Reproductive endocrinology and clinical aspects of obesity in women","volume":"1127","author":"Metwally","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.15296\/ijwhr.2019.57","article-title":"Etiology and risk factors associated with infertility","volume":"7","author":"Moridi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health Reprod Sci"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22522","article-title":"Bias correction for inverse variance weighting Mendelian randomization","volume":"47","author":"Mounier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32278-5","article-title":"Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.02.005","article-title":"Association of infertility with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal participants in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"117","author":"Murugappan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505297","article-title":"Randomized trial of a lifestyle program in obese infertile women","volume":"374","author":"Mutsaerts","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s5769","article-title":"Advances in uterine leiomyoma research: conference overview, summary, and future research recommendations","volume":"108(Suppl 5)","author":"Newbold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0171-3","article-title":"Biobank-driven genomic discovery yields new insight into atrial fibrillation biology","volume":"50","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2009.01062.x","article-title":"Self-selection and bias in a large prospective pregnancy cohort in Norway","volume":"23","author":"Nilsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.5.955","article-title":"Insulin and leptin acutely regulate cholesterol ester metabolism in macrophages by novel signaling pathways","volume":"50","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-74","article-title":"Determinants of smoking initiation among women in five European countries: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"10","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr026","article-title":"Instrumental variable estimation of causal risk ratios and causal odds ratios in Mendelian randomization analyses","volume":"173","author":"Palmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der400","article-title":"Subfertility and risk of later life maternal cardiovascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Parikh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B52","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.03.018","article-title":"Active and passive smoking and fecundability in Danish pregnancy planners","volume":"102","author":"Radin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(97)00104-4","article-title":"Serum leptin levels are independently correlated with two measures of HDL","volume":"132","author":"Rainwater","year":"1997","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B4","volume-title":"RStudio Team: Integrated Development Environment for R","author":"RStudio Team"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32832924ba","article-title":"Impact of oxidative stress on female fertility","volume":"21","author":"Ruder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0013","article-title":"A new equation for calculation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with normolipidemia and\/or hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"5","author":"Sampson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10183","article-title":"Assortative mating by body height and BMI: Finnish twins and their spouses","volume":"15","author":"Silventoinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.05.038","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in women and men with subfertility: the Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Study","volume":"118","author":"Sk\u00e5ra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh132","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1767","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of female infertility","volume":"290","author":"Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003679","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003679","article-title":"Obesity and risk of female reproductive conditions: a Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"19","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn046","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking upon clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Waylen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115211","article-title":"Reduced fecundability in women with prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking","volume":"129","author":"Weinberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey372","article-title":"Prospective study of cigarette smoking and fecundability","volume":"34","author":"Wesselink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370279","volume-title":"Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. 2nd ed","author":"Wood","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002678","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"50","author":"Wootton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.05.103","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption and pregnancy loss: a Mendelian randomization investigation","volume":"116","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2024062105105319300_hoae033-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.005","article-title":"The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care, 2017","volume":"108","author":"Zegers-Hochschild","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoae033\/57890141\/hoae033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/article-pdf\/2024\/3\/hoae033\/58291681\/hoae033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/article-pdf\/2024\/3\/hoae033\/58291681\/hoae033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T01:11:40Z","timestamp":1718932300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/hropen\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoae033\/7681886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoae033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2399-3529"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2399-3529","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"hoae033"}}