{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:57:50Z","timestamp":1780898270564,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":130,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Technology Plan","award":["2020KY620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020KY620"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Technology Plan","award":["2025KY1176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KY1176"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LQ24H040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ24H040002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LHZQN26H280003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZQN26H280003"]}]},{"name":"Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["2024ZL740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZL740"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Does adding vaginal estradiol to standard progesterone luteal phase support improve ongoing pregnancy rates in normal-responder IVF\/ICSI patients undergoing GnRH antagonist cycles?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The addition of vaginal estradiol to progesterone luteal support in GnRH antagonist cycles, compared to progesterone alone, enhances embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in normal-responder IVF\/ICSI patients, yet fails to significantly improve ongoing pregnancy or live birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The GnRH antagonist protocol for IVF, while advantageous in some aspects, may negatively impact estrogen levels and endometrial receptivity, potentially lowering fresh embryo transfer pregnancy rates compared to agonist protocols. The role of adding estrogen to standard progesterone luteal phase support in antagonist cycles remains controversial, with existing studies yielding conflicting results and a lack of robust randomized controlled trials (RCTs) specifically investigating vaginal estrogen administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-centre RCT, participants were randomized 1:1 on the ovulation trigger day to receive either progesterone alone (P group) or progesterone plus vaginal 17\u03b2-estradiol (E\u2009+\u2009P group) for luteal phase support, starting on Day 1 post-oocyte retrieval. The sample size calculation, based on detecting a clinically significant 13% difference in ongoing pregnancy rate (43% vs 30%; \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05, power\u2009=\u200980%) with an anticipated 10% attrition, determined a target of 236 women per group. A total of 518 women (P group: n\u2009=\u2009259; E\u2009+\u2009P group: n\u2009=\u2009259) were enrolled between April 2019 and June 2022. Allocation used computerized randomization by an independent data manager. Blinding of participants and physicians was not feasible; however, statisticians were blinded until analysis completion. The analysis was performed using intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP), followed by a sensitivity analysis using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-centre trial enrolled 518 infertile women (20\u201339\u2009years) undergoing fresh IVF\/ICSI cycles as normal responders at a tertiary care centre. Participants were allocated to either the P group or E\u2009+\u2009P group. Luteal support initiated on Day 1 post-oocyte retrieval comprised: vaginal progesterone 90\u2009mg\/day + oral dydrogesterone 10\u2009mg twice daily for both groups, with the E\u2009+\u2009P group additionally receiving vaginal 17\u03b2-estradiol 2\u2009mg nightly. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy rate, with secondary outcomes including the rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth, and maternal complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ITT analysis showed no significant differences in ongoing pregnancy rates of 46.33% (120\/259) in the E\u2009+\u2009P group versus 39.00% (101\/259) in the P group (RR 1.19, 95% CI: 0.97\u20131.45; P\u2009=\u20090.091), with the PP analysis yielding 48.78% (120\/246) versus 41.39% (101\/244) (RR 1.18, 95% CI: 0.97\u20131.44; P\u2009=\u20090.1). Implantation rates, in both the ITT and PP analyses, favoured the E\u2009+\u2009P group (39.66% vs 32.96%; RR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.43; P\u2009=\u20090.035), and clinical pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the E\u2009+\u2009P group both by ITT (53.28% vs 44.02%; RR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.44; P\u2009=\u20090.035) and PP analyses (56.10% vs 46.72%; RR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.43; P\u2009=\u20090.038). No significant differences were observed in live birth rates. Notably, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) occurred more frequently in the E\u2009+\u2009P group (5.17% vs 0%, P\u2009=\u20090.032), however, this difference was no longer statistically significant after multivariable adjustment (Adjusted P\u2009=\u20090.996).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increase in ICP in the estradiol group is a major safety concern requiring cautious interpretation, despite the improvement in some intermediate outcomes, such as implantation and clinical pregnancy. The lack of significant benefit on the primary outcome, ongoing pregnancy, and live birth limits the clinical utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The addition of vaginal luteal estradiol supplementation in GnRH antagonist cycles improves embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates, yet fails to demonstrate significant benefits in ongoing pregnancy or live birth outcomes for IVF\/ICSI patients. This intervention was associated with an increased risk of ICP compared to that in progesterone-only controls, highlighting the need for clinical vigilance regarding maternal safety. Although there was no significant between-group difference in the incidence of ICP in the sensitivity analysis, this null finding is likely due to the small number of events and limited statistical power. Notably, ICP should remain a safety signal that warrants attention when estrogen supplementation is administered during early pregnancy. These findings indicate that while estradiol supplementation may enhance early reproductive endpoints, its clinical utility remains uncertain due to the absence of ultimate efficacy improvement and emerging safety concerns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The grant support was provided by: the Key R&amp;D Program of Zhejiang (2024C03199), Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Technology Plan (2020KY620, 2025KY1176), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LQ24H040002, LHZQN26H280003), Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, China (2024ZL740), and Hangzhou Municipal Special Fund for the Development of the Biomedicine and Health Industry (2023WJC327). There are no conflicts of interest to declare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChiCTR1900022631.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>19 April 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATE OF FIRST PATIENT\u2019S ENROLMENT<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>20 April 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoag042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:42:47Z","timestamp":1778240567000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of vaginal estrogen supplementation for luteal phase support in the GnRH antagonist protocol on pregnancy outcomes for IVF\/ICSI cycles: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Xinyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang,","place":["P.R. 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