{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:24:40Z","timestamp":1792794280060,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":219,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Reproductive Medicine","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hp71e29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Center for Human Reproduction","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05avmsq62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With steadily improving pregnancy and live birth rates, IVF over approximately the first two and a half decades evolved into a highly successful treatment for female and male infertility, reaching peak live birth rates by 2001\u20132002. Plateauing rates, thereafter, actually started declining in most regions of the world. We here report worldwide IVF live birth rates between 2004 and 2016, defined as live births per fresh IVF\/ICSI cycle started, and how the introduction of certain practice add-ons in timing was associated with changes in these live birth rates. We also attempted to define how rapid worldwide \u2018industrialization\u2019 (transition from a private practice model to an investor-driven industry) and \u2018commoditization\u2019 in IVF practice (primary competitive emphasis on revenue rather than IVF outcomes) affected IVF outcomes. The data presented here are based on published regional registry data from governments and\/or specialty societies, covering the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia\/New Zealand (combined), Latin America (as a block) and Japan. Changes in live birth rates were associated with introduction of new IVF practices, including mild stimulation, elective single embryo transfer (eSET), PGS (now renamed preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy), all-freeze cycles and embryo banking. Profound negative associations were observed with mild stimulation, extended embryo culture to blastocyst and eSET in Japan, Australia\/New Zealand and Canada but to milder degrees also elsewhere. Effects of \u2018industrialization\u2019 suggested rising utilization of add-ons (\u2018commoditization\u2019), increased IVF costs, reduced live birth rates and poorer patient satisfaction. Over the past decade and a half, IVF, therefore, has increasingly disappointed outcome expectations. Remarkably, neither the profession nor the public have paid attention to this development which, therefore, also has gone unexplained. It now urgently calls for evidence-based explanations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoz017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T15:11:43Z","timestamp":1559661103000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Worldwide decline of IVF birth rates and its probable causes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N","family":"Gleicher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna School of Medicine, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V A","family":"Kushnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D H","family":"Barad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019080811144108600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10299","article-title":"Is a blanket elective single embryo transfer policy defensible?","volume":"8","author":"Adashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rambam Maimonides Med 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