{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:36:04Z","timestamp":1789245364941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research fund of Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMH4-CT96-0314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMH4-CT96-0314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QLK4-CT-1999-01422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QLK4-CT-1999-01422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QLK4-CT-2002-00603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QLK4-CT-2002-00603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007037","name":"Danish Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007036","name":"Danish Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Is there a difference in testicular function in early adulthood between men born with cryptorchidism and men born with normally descended testes?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In men from the general population, a history of cryptorchidism was associated with lower total testis volume and impaired semen quality as well as altered serum levels of reproductive hormones.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The association between cryptorchidism and testicular function is well documented in studies based on sub-fertile or infertile men recruited from a clinical setting. However, the association has not previously been investigated in men from the general population, who were unselected regarding fertility status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional population-based study of 6376 young Danish men examined from 1996 to 2017.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study is based on young men from the greater Copenhagen area, Denmark (median age of 19 years) who were unselected regarding fertility status and semen quality. The young men delivered a semen sample, had a blood sample drawn and underwent a physical examination including assessment of testis volume. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding cryptorchidism at birth, current lifestyle and their mother\u2019s pregnancy, after consulting their mother. The differences in markers of testicular function, including testis volume, semen parameters and reproductive hormones between men with and without a history of cryptorchidism were investigated with multiple linear regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The participation rate was 24% for the entire study period. Overall, a history of cryptorchidism was associated with reduced testicular function. In the adjusted models, a history of cryptorchidism was associated with a 3.5 ml lower total testis volume, determined by orchidometer (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), 28% lower sperm concentration (95% CI: \u221237 to \u221220) and 26% lower inhibin B\/FSH ratio (95% CI: \u221250 to \u221222) compared to men without a history of cryptorchidism, suggesting a reduced spermatogenetic capacity. Men with a history of cryptorchidism also had a slightly reduced Leydig cell function expressed as a 6% lower testosterone\/LH ratio (95% CI: \u221212 to \u22120.7). The significant effect sizes and different markers of testicular function pointing in the same direction across the different models based on a large sample size support that the results are not chance findings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Information on cryptorchidism at birth and treatment modus was obtained by retrospective self-report, and each participant only delivered one semen sample.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results suggest that men with a history of cryptorchidism could be at increased risk of experiencing fertility problems. However, among these men there is a wide variation in semen quality and further research is needed in order to identify the subgroup of boys born with cryptorchidism who are at the greatest risk of impaired semen quality when reaching adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study received financial support from the Research fund of Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; the European Union (Contract numbers BMH4-CT96-0314, QLK4-CT-1999-01422, QLK4-CT-2002-00603. FP7\/2007-2013, DEER Grant agreement no. 212844); the Danish Ministry of Health; the Danish Environmental Protection Agency; A.P. M\u00f8ller and wife Chastine McKinney M\u00f8llers Foundation; and Svend Andersens Foundation. None of the founders had any role in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, writing of the paper or publication decisions. The authors have nothing to declare.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T03:17:34Z","timestamp":1589253454000},"page":"1765-1780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A history of cryptorchidism is associated with impaired testicular function in early adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 6376 men from the general population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Trine","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann H","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e6rke","family":"Priskorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen H","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina M","family":"Main","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels E","family":"Skakkebaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23936","article-title":"Risk of contralateral testicular cancer among men with unilaterally undescended testis: a meta analysis","volume":"124","author":"Akre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.2.366","article-title":"High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men","volume":"15","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031786","article-title":"Impaired Leydig cell function in infertile men: a study of 357 idiopathic infertile men and 318 proven fertile controls","volume":"89","author":"Andersson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0974","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 levels in cord blood and serum from children: effects of age, postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation, and cryptorchidism","volume":"92","author":"Bay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9","article-title":"Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries","volume":"363","author":"Boisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10514-1","article-title":"Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners","volume":"352","author":"Bonde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241171","article-title":"Sperm count of young men surgically treated for cryptorchidism in the first and second year of life: fertility is better in children treated at a younger age","volume":"19","author":"Canavese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B8","volume-title":"Statistical Inference","author":"Casella","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx169","article-title":"What does a single semen sample tell you? Implications for male factor infertility research","volume":"186","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000181058","article-title":"Treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin or gonadotropin releasing hormone: a double-blind controlled study of 243 boys","volume":"30","author":"Christiansen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12310.x","article-title":"Hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism\u2014hCG or GnRH\u2014a multicentre study","volume":"81","author":"Christiansen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp048","article-title":"World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.158","article-title":"The true incidence of cryptorchidism in Denmark","volume":"179","author":"Cortes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68040-6","article-title":"Age at unilateral orchiopexy: effect on hormone levels and sperm count in adulthood","volume":"162","author":"Coughlin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.044","article-title":"Varicocele is associated with impaired semen quality and reproductive hormone levels: a study of 7035 healthy young men from six European countries","volume":"70","author":"Damsgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01813.x","article-title":"The effect of cryptorchidism on inhibin B in a subfertile population","volume":"59","author":"de Gouveia Brazao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CMRH.S25056","DOI":"10.4137\/CMRH.S25056","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and fertility","volume":"9","author":"Fawzy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Reprod Heal"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B18","first-page":"376","article-title":"Improved sperm count and motility in young men surgically treated for cryptorchidism in the first year of life","volume":"24","author":"Feyles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1006\/scdb.1998.0203","article-title":"The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Griswold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382006000500012","article-title":"Early successful orchidopexy does not prevent from developing azoospermia","volume":"32","author":"Hadziselimovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B21","first-page":"2713","article-title":"Testicular function in a birth cohort of young men","volume":"30","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000049957","article-title":"Abnormal germ cell development in cryptorchidism","volume":"55","author":"Huff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2010.04.001","article-title":"Cryptorchidism","volume":"19","author":"Hutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.01.015","article-title":"Self-rated health and semen quality among 3,457 young Danish men","volume":"88","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000990","article-title":"Human semen quality in the new millennium: a prospective cross-sectional population-based study of 4867 men","volume":"2","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew021","article-title":"Compensated reduction in Leydig cell function is associated with lower semen quality variables: a study of 8182 European young men","volume":"31","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.173","article-title":"Surgical treatment of unilaterally undescended testes: testicular growth after randomization to orchiopexy at age 9 months or 3 years","volume":"178","author":"Kollin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000049960","article-title":"Fertility after bilateral cryptorchidism","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00159.x","article-title":"Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes","volume":"96","author":"Martin Ritz\u00e9n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137150","article-title":"The evaluation of morphological characteristics of human spermatozoa according to stricter criteria","volume":"5","author":"Menkveld","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135998","article-title":"Andrology: clinical and biological characteristics of infertile men with a history of cryptorchidism","volume":"10","author":"Mieusset","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.000828","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and semen quality: a TEM and molecular study","volume":"28","author":"Moretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1159\/000075971","article-title":"Electronic data base systems support the evaluation of male infertility factors, example cryptorchidism","volume":"72","author":"Paasch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv338","article-title":"Is sedentary lifestyle associated with testicular function? A cross-sectional study of 1,210 men","volume":"184","author":"Priskorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey090","article-title":"Average sperm count remains unchanged despite reduction in maternal smoking: results from a large cross-sectional study with annual investigations over 21 years","volume":"33","author":"Priskorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B36","year":"2019"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13164","article-title":"Testicular growth and spermatogenesis: new goals for pubertal hormone replacement in boys with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?\u2014A multicentre prospective study of hCG\/rFSH treatment outcomes during adolescence","volume":"86","author":"Rohayem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2009.64","article-title":"Single semen analysis as a predictor of semen quality: clinical and epidemiological implications","volume":"11","author":"Rylander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00298-3","article-title":"Hormones and testis development and the possible adverse effects of environmental chemicals","volume":"120","author":"Sharpe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0206","article-title":"Environmental\/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis","volume":"365","author":"Sharpe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2012.50","article-title":"Sperm counts and fertility in men: a rocky road ahead","volume":"13","author":"Sharpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.2.503","article-title":"Time to pregnancy and semen parameters: a cross-sectional study among fertile couples from four European cities","volume":"17","author":"Slama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2318","article-title":"Hormonal changes in 3-month-old cryptorchid boys","volume":"91","author":"Suomi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-006-0056-4","article-title":"Results of orchiopexy for the undescended testis","volume":"24","author":"Taran","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-009-0406-0","article-title":"Fertility potential after unilateral and bilateral orchidopexy for cryptorchidism","volume":"27","author":"Trsinar","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17825-w","article-title":"Advantage of early orchiopexy for undescended testis: analysis of testicular growth percentage ratio in patients with unilateral undescended testicle","volume":"7","author":"Tseng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12070","article-title":"Scrotal ultrasound findings in previously congenital and acquired unilateral undescended testes and their contralateral normally descended testis","volume":"3","author":"van Brakel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2012.00024.x","article-title":"Fertility potential in men with a history of congenital undescended testes: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"1","author":"van Brakel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.09.020","article-title":"Fertility potential in a cohort of 65 men with previously acquired undescended testes","volume":"49","author":"van Brakel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B53","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6079","article-title":"A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum","volume":"84","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x","article-title":"Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences","volume":"96","author":"Virtanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34241","article-title":"Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism","volume":"118","author":"Welsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2020082407470031700_deaa127-B57","volume-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/35\/8\/1765\/33677616\/deaa127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/35\/8\/1765\/33677616\/deaa127.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T11:47:23Z","timestamp":1598269643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/35\/8\/1765\/5878284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deaa127","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]}}}