{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:44:04Z","timestamp":1790790244372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002794","name":"Cancerfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAN 2016\/696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAN 2016\/696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007232","name":"Radiumhemmets Forskningsfonder","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["154143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["154143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007232","name":"Radiumhemmets Forskningsfonder","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["184033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["184033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MOMENDO","award":["691058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["691058"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003510","name":"Estonian Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IUT34-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT34-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006598","name":"Enterprise Estonia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU48695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU48695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006598","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>What is the physiological role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b21) and syndecans (SDC1, SDC4) in endometriotic cells in women with endometriosis?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed an abnormal, pro-invasive phenotype in a subgroup of samples with ovarian endometriosis, which was reversed by combining gene silencing of SDC1 with the TGF-\u03b21 treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women with endometriosis express high levels of TGF-\u03b21 and the proteoglycan co-receptors SDC1 and SDC4 within endometriotic cysts. However, how SDC1 and SDC4 expression is regulated by TGF-\u03b21 and the physiological significance of the high expression in endometriotic cysts remains unknown as does the potential role in disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We utilized a pre-validated panel of stem- and cancer cell-associated markers on endometriotic tissue (n\u2009=\u200915) to stratify subgroups of women with endometriosis. Furthermore, CD90+CD73+CD105+ (SC+) endometriotic stromal cells from these patient subgroups were explored for their invasive behaviour in vitro by transient gene inhibition of SDC1 or SDC4, both in the presence or absence of TGF-\u03b21 treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endometriotic cyst biopsies (n\u2009=\u200915) were obtained from women diagnosed with ovarian endometriosis (ASRM Stage III\u2013IV). Gene expression variability was assessed on tissue samples by applying gene clustering tools for the dataset generated from the pre-validated panel of markers. Three-dimensional (3D) spheroids from endometriotic SC+ were treated in vitro with increasing doses of TGF-\u03b21 or the TGFBRI\/II inhibitor Ly2109761 and assessed for SDC1, SDC4 expression and in vitro 3D-spheroid invasion. Transcriptomic signatures from the invaded 3D spheroids were evaluated upon combining transient gene silencing of SDC1 or SDC4, both in presence or absence of TGF-\u03b21 treatment. Furthermore, nanoscale changes on the surface of endometriotic cells were analysed after treatment with TGF-\u03b21 or TGFBRI\/II inhibitor using atomic force microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gene clustering analysis revealed that endometriotic tissues displayed variability in their gene expression patterns; a small subgroup of samples (2\/15, Endo-hi) exhibited high levels of SDC1, SDC4 and molecules involved in TGF-\u03b2 signalling (TGF-\u03b21, ESR1, CTNNB1, SNAI1, BMI1). The remaining endometriotic samples (Endo-lo) showed a uniform, low gene expression profile. Three-dimensional spheroids derived from Endo-hi SC+ but not Endo-lo SC+ samples showed an aberrant expression of SDC1 and exhibited enhanced 3D-spheroid invasion in vitro, upon rhTGF-\u03b21 treatment. However, this abnormal, pro-invasive response of Endo-hi SC+ was reversed upon gene silencing of SDC1 with the TGF-\u03b21 treatment. Interestingly, transcriptomic signatures of 3D spheroids silenced for SDC1 and consecutively treated with TGF-\u03b21, showed a down-regulation of cancer-associated pathways such as WNT and GPCR signalling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LARGE SCALE DATA<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transcriptomic data were deposited in NCBI\u2019s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and could be retrieved using GEO series accession number: GSE135122.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>It is estimated that about 2.5% of endometriosis patients have a potential risk for developing ovarian cancer later in life. It is possible that the pro-oncogenic molecular changes observed in this cohort of endometriotic samples may not correlate with clinical occurrence of ovarian cancer later in life, thus a validation will be required.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study emphasizes the importance of interactions between syndecans and TGF-\u03b21 in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. We believe that this knowledge could be important in order to better understand endometriosis-associated complications such as ovarian cancer or infertility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was funded by Cancerfonden (CAN 2016\/696), Radiumhemmets Forskningsfonder (Project no. 154143 and 184033), EU MSCA-RISE-2015 project MOMENDO (691058), Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (IUT34-16), Enterprise Estonia (EU48695) and Karolinska Institute. Authors do not have any conflict of interest.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T11:11:20Z","timestamp":1592219480000},"page":"2280-2293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Syndecan-1 modulates the invasive potential of endometrioma via TGF-\u03b2 signalling in a subgroup of women with endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Sakthivignesh","family":"Ponandai-Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merli","family":"Saare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 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