{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T22:28:31Z","timestamp":1784240911558,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12132341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12132341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Will use of oral progestogen in women with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester reduce the miscarriage rate when compared with placebo?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Use of oral progestogen in women with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester did not reduce miscarriage before 20\u2009weeks when compared with placebo.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Miscarriage is a common complication of pregnancy and occurs in 15\u201320% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Use of vaginal progestogens is not effective in reducing miscarriage but there is still no good evidence to support use of oral progestogen for the treatment of threatened miscarriage.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a randomized double-blind controlled trial. A total of 406 women presenting with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester were recruited from 30 March 2016 to May 2018.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women attending Early Pregnancy Assessment Clinics because of vaginal bleeding during the first trimester were recruited and randomly assigned to use dydrogesterone 40\u2009mg orally, followed by 10\u2009mg orally three times a day or placebo until 12 completed weeks of gestation or 1\u2009week after the bleeding stopped, whichever was later. The primary outcome was the miscarriage rate before 20\u2009weeks of gestation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The two groups of women had comparable age, BMI, number of previous miscarriages, gestation and ultrasound findings at presentation. The miscarriage rate before 20\u2009weeks of gestation was similar in both groups, being 12.8% (26\/203) in the progestogen group and 14.3% (29\/203) in the placebo group (relative risk 0.897, 95% CI 0.548\u20131.467; P\u2009=\u20090.772). The live birth rate was 81.3% in the progestogen group versus 83.3% in the placebo group (P\u2009=\u20090.697). No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of obstetric outcomes and side effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The primary outcome was the miscarriage rate, rather than the live birth rate. Women were recruited from Early Pregnancy Assessment Clinics and those with heavy vaginal bleeding might be admitted into wards directly instead of attending Early Pregnancy Assessment Clinic. The severity of vaginal bleeding was subjectively graded by women themselves. The sample size was not adequate to demonstrate a smaller difference in the miscarriage rate between the progestogen and placebo groups. We did not exclude women with multiple pregnancy, which increased the risk of miscarriage although there was only one set of twin pregnancy in the placebo group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Use of oral progestogen is not recommended in women with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was funded by the Health and Medical Research Fund, HKSAR (reference number 12132341). All authors declared no conflict of interest.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov with an identifier NCT02128685.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>1 May 2014.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>30 March 2016.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T12:07:00Z","timestamp":1604837220000},"page":"587-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Use of oral progestogen in women with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester: a randomized 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