{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:11:52Z","timestamp":1782515512202,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>To what extent are ambient concentrations of particulate matter &amp;lt;2.5 microns (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) associated with risk of self-reported physician-diagnosed uterine leiomyomata (UL)?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this large prospective cohort study of Black women, ambient concentrations of O3, but not PM2.5 or NO2, were associated with increased risk of UL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title><jats:p>UL are benign tumors of the myometrium that are the leading cause of gynecologic inpatient care among reproductive-aged women. Black women are clinically diagnosed at two to three times the rate of white women and tend to exhibit earlier onset and more severe disease. Two epidemiologic studies have found positive associations between air pollution exposure and UL risk, but neither included large numbers of Black women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a prospective cohort study of 21\u00a0998 premenopausal Black women residing in 56 US metropolitan areas from 1997 to 2011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIAL, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women reported incident UL diagnosis and method of confirmation (i.e. ultrasound, surgery) on biennial follow-up questionnaires. We modeled annual residential concentrations of PM2.5, NO2 and O3 throughout the study period. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for a one-interquartile range (IQR) increase in air pollutant concentrations, adjusting for confounders and co-pollutants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>During 196\u00a0685 person-years of follow-up, 6238 participants (28.4%) reported physician-diagnosed UL confirmed by ultrasound or surgery. Although concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 were not appreciably associated with UL (HRs for a one-IQR increase: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.10) and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.16), respectively), O3 concentrations were associated with increased UL risk (HR for a one-IQR increase: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.32). The association was stronger among women age &amp;lt;35\u2009years (HR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.62) and parous women (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.48).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our measurement of air pollution is subject to misclassification, as monitoring data are not equally spatially distributed and we did not account for time-activity patterns. Our outcome measure was based on self-report of a physician diagnosis, likely resulting in under-ascertainment of UL. Although we controlled for several individual- and neighborhood-level confounding variables, residual confounding remains a possibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inequitable burden of air pollution exposure has important implications for racial health disparities, and may be related to disparities in UL. Our results emphasize the need for additional research focused on environmental causes of UL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research was funded by the National Cancer Institute (U01-CAA164974) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES019573). L.A.W. is a fibroid consultant for AbbVie, Inc. and accepts in-kind donations from Swiss Precision Diagnostics, Sandstone Diagnostics, FertilityFriend.com and Kindara.com for primary data collection in Pregnancy Study Online (PRESTO). M.J. declares consultancy fees from the Health Effects Institute (as a member of the review committee). The remaining authors declare they have no actual or potential competing financial interests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title><jats:p>N\/A<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T19:14:22Z","timestamp":1617218062000},"page":"2321-2330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A prospective cohort study of ambient air pollution exposure and risk of uterine leiomyomata"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia K","family":"Wesselink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren A","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia F","family":"Coogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Uterine fibroids: a ten-year clinical review in Ilorin, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Aboyeji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000054360.61254.27","article-title":"Why is parity protective for uterine fibroids?","volume":"14","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.99","article-title":"High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence","volume":"188","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.12.001","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone in premenopausal women may stimulate uterine leiomyomata development","volume":"13","author":"Baird","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12297","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02882","article-title":"National spatiotemporal exposure surface for NO2: monthly scaling of a satellite-derived land-use regression, 2000-2010","volume":"49","author":"Bechle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.1021\/es400039u","article-title":"A hybrid approach to estimating national scale spatiotemporal variability of PM2.5 in the contiguous United States","volume":"47","author":"Beckerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205201","article-title":"Environmental inequality in exposures to airborne particulate matter components in the United States","volume":"120","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP490","article-title":"Decomposition analysis of black-white disparities in birth outcomes: the relative contribution of air pollution and social factors in California","volume":"125","author":"Benmarhnia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01725.x","article-title":"Space-time data fusion under error in computer model output: an application to modeling air quality","volume":"68","author":"Berrocal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00013","article-title":"A reduced dietary questionnaire: development and validation","volume":"1","author":"Block","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013482","article-title":"Dietary patterns and 14-y weight gain in African American women","volume":"94","author":"Boggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.07.017","article-title":"The impact of uterine leiomyomas: a national survey of affected women","volume":"209","author":"Borah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi072","article-title":"A prospective study of hypertension and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"161","author":"Boynton-Jarrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ffb172","article-title":"Abuse in childhood and risk of uterine leiomyoma: the role of emotional support in biologic resilience","volume":"22","author":"Boynton-Jarrett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)45789-4","article-title":"Uterine leiomyomata: etiology, symptomatology, and management","volume":"36","author":"Buttram","year":"1981","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.12.002","article-title":"The estimated annual cost of uterine leiomyomata in the United States","volume":"206","author":"Cardozo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000650","article-title":"Non-hormonal mediators of uterine fibroid growth","volume":"32","author":"Cetin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201406-1108OC","article-title":"Active and passive smoking and the incidence of asthma in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"191","author":"Coogan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpw168","article-title":"Long-term exposure to NO2 and ozone and hypertension incidence in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"30","author":"Coogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.021","article-title":"Long term exposure to NO2 and diabetes incidence in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"148","author":"Coogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B21","first-page":"202","article-title":"PM2.5 and diabetes and hypertension incidence in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"27","author":"Coogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B22","first-page":"764","article-title":"Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study","volume":"95","author":"Coronado","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170857","article-title":"Ozone atmospheric pollution and Alzheimer's disease: from epidemiological facts to molecular mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Croze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2010.05.012","article-title":"The burden of uterine fibroids in five European countries","volume":"152","author":"Downes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121725","article-title":"Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis, mapping, and measurement of uterine myomas","volume":"186","author":"Dueholm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080504","article-title":"Flexible regression models with cubic splines","volume":"8","author":"Durrleman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(87)90349-3","article-title":"Uterine fibromyomata: presentation and management in northern Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Emembolu","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.1.11","article-title":"Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. II. Atherogenic risk factors and potential sources of uterine irritation","volume":"153","author":"Faerstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.04.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress: a key regulator of leiomyoma cell survival","volume":"107","author":"Fletcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.10.001","article-title":"Alternatives to hysterectomy: the burden of fibroids and the quality of life","volume":"46","author":"Fortin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500276","article-title":"Traffic density in California: socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children","volume":"13","author":"Gunier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B32","volume-title":"Management of Uterine Fibroids","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197958","article-title":"Investigating the loss of work productivity due to symptomatic leiomyoma","volume":"13","author":"Hasselrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.011","article-title":"Ambient ozone and incident diabetes: a prospective analysis in a large cohort of African American women","volume":"102","author":"Jerrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d","article-title":"Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles","volume":"16","author":"Jerrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B36","first-page":"483","article-title":"Uterine leiomyomas. Racial differences in severity, symptoms and age at diagnosis","volume":"41","author":"Kjerulff","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061114","article-title":"Early-life air pollution exposure, neighborhood poverty, and childhood asthma in the United States, 1990-2014","volume":"15","author":"Kravitz-Wirtz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(02)00253-3","article-title":"Relative validity of food frequency questionnaire nutrient estimates in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"13","author":"Kumanyika","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B39","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Unequal protection: the racial divide in environmental law","volume":"21","author":"Lavelle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Natl Law J"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.02.004","article-title":"The effects of exposure to air pollution on the development of uterine fibroids","volume":"222","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B41","first-page":"359","article-title":"Fibroids and hypertension. A cross-sectional study of women undergoing hysterectomy","volume":"46","author":"Luoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000126","article-title":"Air pollution and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"25","author":"Mahalingaiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7076","article-title":"Burden, prevalence, and treatment of uterine fibroids: a survey of U.S. Women","volume":"27","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00534-6","article-title":"Variation in the incidence of uterine leiomyoma among premenopausal women by age and race","volume":"90","author":"Marshall","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2012-0084","article-title":"The effects of ozone exposure and associated injury mechanisms on the central nervous system","volume":"24","author":"Martinez-Lazcano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304297","article-title":"Disparities in distribution of particulate matter emission sources by race and poverty status","volume":"108","author":"Mikati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201508-1599OC","article-title":"Ozone exposure increases circulating stress hormones and lipid metabolites in humans","volume":"193","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.03.025","article-title":"Inhaled ozone (O3)-induces changes in serum metabolomic and liver transcriptomic profiles in rats","volume":"286","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8061755","article-title":"Making the environmental justice grade: the relative burden of air pollution exposure in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Miranda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/11\/115008","article-title":"Which came first, people or pollution? Assessing the disparate siting and post-siting demographic change hypotheses of environmental injustice","volume":"10","author":"Mohai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00644-6","article-title":"Correlation of low serum vitamin-D with uterine leiomyoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8500","article-title":"Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas","volume":"114","author":"Morello-Frosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.007","article-title":"The riskscape and the color line: examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities","volume":"102","author":"Morello-Frosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.052","article-title":"Air pollution, environmental chemicals, and smoking may trigger vitamin D deficiency: evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of adnexal mass","volume":"130","author":"Myers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep)"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20057","article-title":"Stress and female reproductive function: a study of daily variations in cortisol, gonadotrophins, and gonadal steroids in a rural Mayan population","volume":"16","author":"Nepomnaschy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1021\/es103578x","article-title":"National satellite-based land-use regression: NO2 in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Novotny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2895","article-title":"The association between chronic psychological stress and uterine fibroids risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Measure"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90077-2","article-title":"Progesterone: a critical role in the pathogenesis of uterine myomas","volume":"172","author":"Rein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B61","first-page":"56","article-title":"The Black Women's Health Study: a follow-up study for causes and preventions of illness","volume":"50","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972)"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.028","article-title":"Temporal trends in air pollution exposure inequality in Massachusetts","volume":"161","author":"Rosofsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1295","article-title":"Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"350","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108776","article-title":"Ambient air pollution as a mediator in the pathway linking race\/ethnicity to blood pressure elevation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"180","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03622-9","article-title":"Uterine fibroids","volume":"357","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B66","volume-title":"Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility","author":"Taylor","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201508-1633OC","article-title":"Long-term ozone exposure and mortality in a large prospective study","volume":"193","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1360","article-title":"Self-Reported daily stress, squelching of anger and the management of daily stress and the prevalence of uterine leiomyomata: the ultrasound screening study","volume":"27","author":"Vines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.10.023","article-title":"Long-term air pollution and blood pressure in an African American cohort: the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"60","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.12.013","article-title":"Inpatient hospitalization for gynecologic disorders in the United States","volume":"202","author":"Whiteman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","article-title":"Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000164","article-title":"Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: from menarche to menopause","volume":"59","author":"Wise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567e92","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination and risk of uterine leiomyomata","volume":"18","author":"Wise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh016","article-title":"Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study","volume":"159","author":"Wise","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.12.034","article-title":"Lifetime abuse victimization and risk of uterine leiomyomata in black women","volume":"208","author":"Wise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000154161.03418.e3","article-title":"Age-specific incidence rates for self-reported uterine leiomyomata in the Black Women's Health Study","volume":"105","author":"Wise","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1159\/000026415","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of endotoxin on LH secretion in the ovariectomized monkey are prevented by naloxone but not by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"2021100317521397800_deab095-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02518","article-title":"Ozone pollution: a major health hazard worldwide","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/36\/8\/2321\/40501795\/deab095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/36\/8\/2321\/40501795\/deab095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T07:29:08Z","timestamp":1724743748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/36\/8\/2321\/6274661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deab095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}