{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:45:44Z","timestamp":1792813544425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013-2712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-2712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n What characterizes the group of donor-conceived (DC) individuals who request information about their identity-release sperm donor in Sweden, and what are their experiences of disclosure, information receipt and donor contact?<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n Following three decades of identity-release donation in Sweden, few DC individuals have requested donor information with varying experiences of information receipt and donor contact.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n In 1985, Sweden was the first country worldwide to enact legislation that gave DC individuals the right to obtain identifying information about their donor. Since then, identity-release gamete donation has become available in many countries but there is limited knowledge about the individuals who request donor information.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n A nation-wide cross-sectional survey study was performed at all seven University hospitals that provided donation treatment in Sweden during 1985\u20132002. During this period only donor insemination to heterosexual couples was permitted. Inclusion criteria were being 18\u2009years of age or older, conceived with donor sperm and having requested information about the donor by December 2020. Recruitment was performed during 2016\u20132020.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n A total of 60 individuals had requested information about their donor. Of these, 53 were approached and 40 individuals, representing 34 families, accepted study participation (75% response rate). Participants completed a postal survey with the WHO-10 well-being index and study-specific questions about experiences of disclosure, motivations for requesting donor information, receipt of information, as well as intentions and experiences of donor contact. Independent t-test and chi-square tests were used to compare ratings of participants with early and late disclosure.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n Of \u223c900 DC individuals who had reached adult age, a total of 60 (\u22487%) had requested information about the donor. Most of the 40 study participants (78%) made their requests within 2 years after reaching 18\u2009years of age, or following disclosure at later ages (up to 32\u2009years). Several participants had adult DC siblings in the family who had not requested any donor information. All except five participants received identifying information about the donor from the clinic. However, some donors had died or lacked contact information. Among those participants who were able to contact their donor, 41% had done so at the time of the study, while a third of the participants were unsure about potential contact. Several had met the donor in person and a few were in regular contact. About half of the participants had been informed about their donor conception in adolescence or adulthood (age 12\u201332), and there were significant differences between participants based on age at disclosure. Compared to those with early disclosure, participants with late disclosure were significantly more likely to be dissatisfied with the timing of their disclosure (P\u2009=\u20090.021), to react with negative emotions (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and to subsequently contact the donor (P\u2009=\u20090.047).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n The limited population available for inclusion resulted in a small sample size, despite a high response rate. In addition, men\u2019s lower participation rate must be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n The small number of individuals requesting information about their identity-release sperm donor is surprising. While not all DC individuals appear to be interested in donor information, it is reasonable to assume that some are unaware of their donor conception and thus unable to make informed decisions regarding their genetic origins. During the coming years, young women and men in many countries will become eligible to access identifying information about their donor. In order to meet the needs of these individuals, and to support positive outcomes for all involved parties, it is essential that adequate protocols and resources are developed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST<\/jats:title>\n Financial support from The Swedish Research Council. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T20:21:53Z","timestamp":1638390113000},"page":"510-521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["National survey of donor-conceived individuals who requested information about their sperm donor\u2014experiences from 17 years of identity releases in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1739-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Lampic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Skoog Svanberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Gudmundsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Reproductive Medicine Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Leandersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital Malm\u00f6, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils-Gunnar","family":"Solensten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVF Clinic Ume\u00e5 in Collaboration with Ume\u00e5 University Hospital, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Thurin-Kjellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8818-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kjell","family":"W\u00e5nggren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Sydsj\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Children\u2019s and Women\u2019s Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B1","first-page":"769","article-title":"Donor-conceived people\u2019s views and experiences of their genetic origins: a critical analysis of the research evidence","volume":"19","author":"Blyth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Law Med"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq359","article-title":"Adolescents of the US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: the impact of having a known or an unknown donor on the stability of psychological adjustment","volume":"26","author":"Bos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2012.731714","article-title":"Working with previously anonymous gamete donors and donor-conceived adults: recent practice experiences of running the DNA-based voluntary information exchange and contact register, UK DonorLink","volume":"16","author":"Crawshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Fertil (Camb)"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/096853329800300302","article-title":"The views of semen donors regarding the Swedish Insemination Act 1984","volume":"3","author":"Daniels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Law Int"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.001","article-title":"Informing offspring of their conception by gamete or embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion","volume":"109","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-015-0018-y","article-title":"Gamete donation, information sharing and the best interests of the child: an overview of the psychosocial evidence","volume":"33","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Monash Bioeth Rev"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.3.830","article-title":"The European study of assisted reproduction families: the transition to adolescence","volume":"17","author":"Golombok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B8","first-page":"7","article-title":"Att m\u00f6ta och ge information till en person som s\u00f6ker information om sin \u00e4gg- eller spermadonator","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medlemsbladet"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.9.2052","article-title":"Disclosure of donor insemination to the child: the impact of Swedish legislation on couples\u2019 attitudes","volume":"15","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.001","article-title":"Donor conceived offspring conceive of the donor: the relevance of age, awareness, and family form","volume":"86","author":"Hertz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B11","volume-title":"Code of Practice","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12667","article-title":"The role of age of disclosure of biological origins in the psychological wellbeing of adolescents conceived by reproductive donation: a longitudinal study from age 1 to age 14","volume":"58","author":"Ilioi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B13","first-page":"93","article-title":"Factors associated with searching for people related through donor conception among donor-conceived people, parents, and donors: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Indekeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril Rev"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq365","article-title":"Two decades after legislation on identifiable donors in Sweden: are recipient couples ready to be open about using gamete donation?","volume":"26","author":"Isaksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des285","article-title":"Disclosure behaviour and intentions among 111 couples following treatment with oocytes or sperm from identity-release donors: follow-up at offspring age 1-4 years","volume":"27","author":"Isaksson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.06.038","article-title":"Preferences and needs regarding future contact with donation offspring among identity-release gamete donors: results from the Swedish Study on Gamete Donation","volume":"102","author":"Isaksson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep110","article-title":"The experiences of adolescents and adults conceived by sperm donation: comparisons by age of disclosure and family type","volume":"24","author":"Jadva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2010.01.001","article-title":"Experiences of offspring searching for and contacting their donor siblings and donor","volume":"20","author":"Jadva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/lawfam\/ebz011","article-title":"From stranger to family or something in between: donor linking in an era of retrospective access to anonymous sperm donor records in Victoria, Australia","volume":"33","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Law Policy Family"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.010","article-title":"Adult offspring of lesbian parents: how do they relate to their sperm donors?","volume":"114","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa299","article-title":"Understanding parents\u2019 intention to disclose the donor conception to their child by application of the theory of planned behaviour","volume":"36","author":"Lampic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0447-0","article-title":"Psychometric analysis of the Swedish translation of the WHO well-being index","volume":"23","author":"L\u00f6ve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh581","article-title":"Adolescents with open-identity sperm donors: reports from 12-17 year olds","volume":"20","author":"Scheib","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.10.023","article-title":"Who requests their sperm donor\u2019s identity? The first ten years of information releases to adults with open-identity donors","volume":"107","author":"Scheib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoaa057","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoaa057","article-title":"Finding people like me: contact among young adults who share an open-identity sperm donor","volume":"2020","author":"Scheib","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.6.1061","article-title":"Emotion knowledge: further exploration of a prototype approach","volume":"52","author":"Shaver","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq194","article-title":"Increasing openness in oocyte donation families regarding disclosure over 15 years","volume":"25","author":"S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m-Anttila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B28","volume-title":"Swedish Donor Offspring and Their Legal Right to Information","author":"Stoll","year":"2008"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det313","article-title":"Attitudes and disclosure decisions of Finnish parents with children conceived using donor sperm","volume":"28","author":"S\u00e4levaara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B30","year":"2004"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi038","article-title":"A review of family donor constructs: current research and future directions","volume":"12","author":"van den Akker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab146","article-title":"Positioning the donor in a new landscape-mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 experiences as their adult children obtained information about the identity-release sperm donor","volume":"36","author":"Widbom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022030206050625200_deab275-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2013.862041","article-title":"Family building using donated gametes and embryos in the UK: recommendations for policy and practice on behalf of the British Infertility Counselling Association and the British Fertility Society in collaboration with the Association of Clinical Embryologists and the Royal College of Nurses Fertility Nurses Forum","volume":"17","author":"Wilde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Fertil (Camb)"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/37\/3\/510\/42673813\/deab275.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/37\/3\/510\/42673813\/deab275.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T06:07:43Z","timestamp":1646201263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/37\/3\/510\/6464144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deab275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]}}}