{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:12:11Z","timestamp":1789621931318,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Progesterone (P4) is crucial for the achievement and maintenance of a pregnancy and with rising numbers of frozen embryo transfers (FETs) performed worldwide, the search for the \u2018optimal\u2019 P4 levels in HRT FET cycles became a focus of research. Certainly, measurement of systemic P4 levels is an easy applicable tool and P4 levels, considered as being too low, could be addressed by changing and\/or increasing exogenously administered P4. However, the question must be raised whether the sole measurement of systemic P4 levels is reflective for the endometrial status and the endometrial receptivity in HRT FET cycles, since systemic P4 levels do not reflect the dynamic of the endometrial changes, deemed necessary to prepare the endometrium for implantation. Moreover, different types of P4 administration routes will exhibit distinct different patterns of P4 release, affecting the process of secretory transformation and last but not least, embryonic factors are almost fully neglected in this concept. This opinion article aims to raise critical points towards the \u2018sole\u2019 focus on systemic P4 levels in HRT FET cycles and raises the question whether \u2018serum P4 measurements are truly representative for the identification of an adequate luteal phase in HRT FETs\u2019?.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T20:12:35Z","timestamp":1642191155000},"page":"639-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Are serum progesterone measurements truly representative for the identification of an adequate luteal phase in hormonal replacement therapy frozen embryo transfers?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6209-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B","family":"Lawrenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IVF Department, ART Fertility Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Obstetrical Department, Women\u2019s university hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H M","family":"Fatemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVF Department, ART Fertility Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoab010","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoab010","article-title":"Endometrial Receptivity Analysis (ERA) test: an unproven technology","volume":"2021","author":"Ben Rafael","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.5.1073","article-title":"Targeted drug delivery in gynaecology: the first uterine pass effect","volume":"12","author":"Bulletti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.11.026","article-title":"Serum progesterone concentration and live birth rate in frozen-thawed embryo transfers with hormonally prepared endometrium","volume":"38","author":"C\u00e9drin-Durnerin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh404","article-title":"Preferential transfer of endogenous ovarian steroid hormones to the uterus during both the follicular and luteal phases","volume":"19","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12765","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and clinical development of a novel progesterone formulation","volume":"94","author":"Cometti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01948-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the endometrial receptivity assay and the preimplantation genetic test for aneuploidy in overcoming recurrent implantation failure","volume":"37","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70038-9","article-title":"The prognostic value of serum progesterone and quantitative beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in early human pregnancy","volume":"171","author":"Daily","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.04.063","article-title":"A genomic diagnostic tool for human endometrial receptivity based on the transcriptomic signature","volume":"95","author":"D\u00edaz-Gimeno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.09.046","article-title":"The accuracy and reproducibility of the endometrial receptivity array is superior to histology as a diagnostic method for endometrial receptivity","volume":"99","author":"D\u00edaz-Gimeno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.12.3060","article-title":"Uterine first pass effect in postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Einer-Jensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022040313205547400_deac017-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111370","article-title":"Neuroendocrine regulation of the corpus luteum in the human. 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