{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:57:07Z","timestamp":1778648227361,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Independent Research Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6110-00085B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6110-00085B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bispebjerg Hospital, Landsbyggefonden, Realdania","award":["PRJ-2017-00176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRJ-2017-00176"]}]},{"name":"Grundejernes Investeringsfond"},{"name":"FFIKA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY QUESTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Is fetal exposure to lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) in indoor air of private homes built with PCB-containing materials associated with semen characteristics and testicular volume in adult men?<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>SUMMARY ANSWER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed only marginal and inconsistent associations between maternal exposure to PCBs in indoor air and semen quality, testicular size and reproductive hormones in the adult offspring.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent studies have shown LC-PCBs to exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and increase the risk of cryptorchidism. Although exposure to LC-PCBs in indoor air is relatively common, the long-term impact of prenatal exposure on male reproductive health has not yet been investigated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this cohort study, participants were men (18+ years) whose mothers carried them while living in one of two residential areas where indoor air had been contaminated by LC-PCB evaporating from building materials in subsets of the apartments. Men were considered prenatally exposed if their mother had lived in a PCB-contaminated apartment and unexposed if their mother had lived in an uncontaminated apartment for a minimum of 1\u2009year during the 3.6\u2009years before conception or during the first trimester. Mothers of prenatally unexposed men could not have lived in a contaminated apartment at any point. Recruitment lasted from 2017 to 2019. In total, 73 exposed and 111 unexposed men gave a blood and semen sample.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Percentage differences in semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, morphologically normal spermatozoa, progressively motile spermatozoa and DNA fragmentation index (DFI) between prenatally exposed and unexposed men were estimated using negative binomial regression. Associations with total and calculated free testosterone (CFT), LH and FSH were modeled using the linear regression. Odds of small testicular volume was estimated with logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, the results of this study were conflicting. No differences in semen volume, sperm concentration, testosterone and CFT were observed between the groups, but there were slight indications of lower total sperm count, increased FSH and risk of small testicles, alongside lower sperm DFI and a higher proportion of normal spermatozoa in men exposed to LCB-PCBs from indoor air during fetal life. There is no apparent biologically plausible explanation for the apparently improved measures of DNA fragmentation and morphology, and these findings may have occurred purely by chance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Owing to the indirect measure of exposure, lack of adjustment for paternal factors, the potential for self-selection due to known exposure status and fertility issues, inability to take time spent away from the residence, limited statistical power and lack of comparable literature, independent replication of the study in larger cohorts is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While our findings may appear reassuring for the large number of people residing and\/or working in buildings with indoor air contaminated with LC-PCBs, further efforts to understand the full range of health consequences of fetal LC-PCB exposure are needed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (ref no. 6110-00085B), Bispebjerg Hospital, Landsbyggefonden, Realdania (ref. no. PRJ-2017-00176), Grundejernes Investeringsfond (ref. no. 18-58) and Helsefonden (ref. no. 16-B-01-22 and 21-B-0412). K.S.H. was supported by FFIKA, Focused Research Effort on Chemicals in the Working Environment, from the Danish Government. The authors declare that they have no financial, personal or professional competing interests.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Not applicable<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T11:15:09Z","timestamp":1649934909000},"page":"1594-1608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prenatal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and male reproductive health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S S","family":"T\u00f8ttenborg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K S","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen K, Denmark"},{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen East, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4443-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E B","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1553-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Frederiksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen East, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A B B","family":"Kofoed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7370-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K U","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H W","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N E","family":"Ebbeh\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8181-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J P E","family":"Bonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509902","article-title":"Diabetes prevalence in relation to serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener groups and three chlorinated pesticides in a native American population","volume":"124","author":"Aminov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.2.366","article-title":"High frequency of sub-optimal semen quality in an unselected population of young men","volume":"15","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.113429","article-title":"PCB in air, dust and surface wipes in 73 Danish homes","volume":"229","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.07.008","article-title":"Some OH-PCBs are more potent inhibitors of aromatase activity and (anti-) glucocorticoids than non-dioxin like (NDL)-PCBs and MeSO2-PCBs","volume":"206","author":"Antunes-Fernandes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.016","article-title":"PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in indoor environments\u2014a comparison of indoor contamination in Canada and Czech Republic","volume":"206","author":"Audy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066766","article-title":"The impact of paternal and maternal smoking on semen quality of adolescent men","volume":"8","author":"Axelsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207221","article-title":"Association between paternal smoking at the time of pregnancy and the semen quality in sons","volume":"13","author":"Axelsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw036","article-title":"The epidemiologic evidence linking prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals with male reproductive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Bonde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10700","article-title":"Fertility and markers of male reproductive function in Inuit and European populations spanning large contrasts in blood levels of persistent organochlorines","volume":"116","author":"Bonde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.04.014","article-title":"Development and verification of a toxicokinetic model of polychlorinated biphenyl elimination in persons working in a contaminated building","volume":"68","author":"Broding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.065","article-title":"Human epidemiological evidence about the associations between exposure to organochlorine chemicals and endometriosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Cano-Sancho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113088","article-title":"Estrogen-related receptor \u03b3 is a novel target for lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated and sulfated metabolites","volume":"254","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2014-0074","article-title":"Exposure to and health effects of volatile PCBs","volume":"30","author":"Carpenter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx169","article-title":"What does a single semen sample tell you? Implications for male factor infertility research","volume":"186","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.7.664","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of human semen quality: considerations for study design","volume":"155","author":"Cohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1997.8169","article-title":"Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as estrogens and antiestrogens: structure-activity relationships","volume":"145","author":"Connor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8353","article-title":"Paper- or web-based questionnaire invitations as a method for data collection: cross-sectional comparative study of differences in response rate, completeness of data, and financial cost","volume":"20","author":"Ebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018973","article-title":"The relationship between anogenital distance, fatherhood, and fertility in adult men","volume":"6","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh503","article-title":"Are volunteers delivering semen samples in fertility studies a biased population?","volume":"19","author":"Eustache","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-038-0_14","article-title":"Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA\u00ae)","volume":"927","author":"Evenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233715587849","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls: new evidence from the last decade","volume":"32","author":"Faroon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.113430","article-title":"PCB in serum and hand wipes from exposed residents living in contaminated high-rise apartment buildings and a reference group","volume":"224","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.05.103","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor air originating from sealants in contaminated and uncontaminated apartments within the same housing estate","volume":"89","author":"Frederiksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00353-7","article-title":"PCB-blood levels in teachers, working in PCB-contaminated schools","volume":"40","author":"Gabrio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.03.021","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants as predictors of increased FSH:LH ratio in naturally cycling, reproductive age women","volume":"164","author":"Gallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environm Res"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B26","author":"Golder Associates A.\/S. Golder Associates Resultatoversigter over PCB-M\u00e5linger I Indeluften (In Danish). Lyngby","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800134","article-title":"Lower serum testosterone associated with elevated polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in Native American men","volume":"117","author":"Goncharov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02792-6","article-title":"Semen quality after prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans","volume":"356","author":"Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12782","article-title":"S\u00f8gaard T\u00f8ttenborg S. Fetal exposure to paternal smoking and semen quality in the adult son","volume":"8","author":"Haervig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1021\/es0609147","article-title":"Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: implications for human exposure","volume":"40","author":"Harrad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev244","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev244","article-title":"Testicular function in a birth cohort of young men","volume":"30","author":"Hart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4574-8","article-title":"Review of PCBs in US schools: a brief history, an estimate of the number of impacted schools, and an approach for evaluating indoor air samples","volume":"23","author":"Herrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B36","first-page":"11","article-title":"Abnormal germ cell development in cryptorchidism","volume":"55","author":"Huff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122351","article-title":"Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and reproductive health in children: a review of epidemiological studies","volume":"16","author":"H\u00e5konsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B38","first-page":"9","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls","volume":"107","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2016","journal-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.4.378","article-title":"The transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) across the human placenta and into maternal milk","volume":"74","author":"Jacobson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det286","article-title":"Shorter anogenital distance correlates with undescended testis: a detailed genital anthropometric analysis in human newborns","volume":"28","author":"Jain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh002","article-title":"Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries","volume":"159","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00793-x","article-title":"Maternal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk of adverse birth outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Kofoed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.1021\/es025622u","article-title":"Coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in indoor air","volume":"36","author":"Kohler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12448","article-title":"Mono-, di-, and trichlorinated biphenyls (PCB 1-PCB 39) in the indoor air of office rooms and their relevance on human blood burden","volume":"28","author":"Kraft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B45","author":"Langeland","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009509","article-title":"Selection bias in occupational sperm studies","volume":"147","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408564","article-title":"Evaluating health risks from inhaled polychlorinated biphenyls: research needs for addressing uncertainty","volume":"123","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.11.26","article-title":"Association between polychlorinated biphenyl 153 exposure and serum testosterone levels: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"8","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00761.x","article-title":"Relationship between age and semen parameters in men with normal sperm concentration: analysis of 6022 semen samples","volume":"39","author":"Levitas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.09.008","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to persistent organic compounds and their association with anogenital distance in infants","volume":"37","author":"Loreto-G\u00f3mez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-24","article-title":"Mitigation of building-related polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air of a school","volume":"11","author":"MacIntosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01910","article-title":"Airborne PCBs and OH-PCBs inside and outside urban and rural U.S. schools","volume":"51","author":"Marek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/19396360903443658","article-title":"Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and male reproduction","volume":"56","author":"Meeker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst Biol Reprod Med"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.02.008","article-title":"Plasma polychlorinated biphenyls in residents of 91 PCB-contaminated and 108 non-contaminated dwellings-an exposure study","volume":"216","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460357","article-title":"Spermaturia and serum hormone concentrations at the age of puberty in boys prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"146","author":"Mol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.04.095","article-title":"Correlation between human maternal-fetal placental transfer and molecular weight of PCB and dioxin congeners\/isomers","volume":"114","author":"Mori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der413","article-title":"Acceptable variability in external quality assessment programmes for basic semen analysis","volume":"27","author":"Palacios","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.067","article-title":"In vitro profiling of toxic effects of prominent environmental lower-chlorinated PCB congeners linked with endocrine disruption and tumor promotion","volume":"237","author":"P\u011bn\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.02.030","article-title":"Spermatogenic capacity in fertile men with elevated exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"138","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7745","article-title":"Impact of polychlorinated biphenyls contamination on estrogenic activity in human male serum","volume":"113","author":"Pl\u00edskov\u00e1","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey090","article-title":"Average sperm count remains unchanged despite reduction in maternal smoking: results from a large cross-sectional study with annual investigations over 21 years","volume":"33","author":"Priskorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.05.025","article-title":"PCB 28 metabolites elimination kinetics in human plasma on a real case scenario: Study of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) metabolites of PCB 28 in a highly exposed German Cohort","volume":"276","author":"Quinete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem219","article-title":"Is maternal obesity related to semen quality in the male offspring? A pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Ramlau-Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.032","article-title":"Is self-measuring of testicular volume by a Prader orchidometer a valid method?","volume":"87","author":"Ramlau-Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.05.056","article-title":"Binding and activity of sulfated metabolites of lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls towards thyroid hormone receptor alpha","volume":"180","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002211","article-title":"Intrinsic human elimination half-lives of polychlorinated biphenyls derived from the temporal evolution of cross-sectional biomonitoring data from the United Kingdom","volume":"119","author":"Ritter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205984","article-title":"Relationships of polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with testosterone levels in adolescent males","volume":"122","author":"Schell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(01)00307-1","article-title":"Human biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes in teachers working in a PCB-contaminated school","volume":"47","author":"Schwenk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200200","article-title":"Androgens and the masculinization programming window: human-rodent differences","volume":"48","author":"Sharpe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","article-title":"Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs","volume":"8","author":"Shrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: influences of environment and genetic susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B73","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) study-generation 2","volume":"46","author":"Straker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.02.044","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl and umbilical cord hormones and birth outcomes in an island population","volume":"237","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307178","article-title":"Anogenital distance and penile length in infants with hypospadias or cryptorchidism: comparison with normative data","volume":"122","author":"Thankamony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B76","volume-title":"Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in School Buildings: Sources, Environmental Levels, and Exposures","author":"Thomas","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91204","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.91204","article-title":"Experimentally induced testicular dysgenesis syndrome originates in the masculinization programming window","volume":"2","author":"van den Driesche","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35043-w","article-title":"Telomerase gene expression bioassays indicate metabolic activation of genotoxic lower chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"8","author":"Vasko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6079","article-title":"A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum","volume":"84","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122345","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants and male reproductive health","volume":"16","author":"Vested","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0488","article-title":"In utero exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants and reproductive health in the human male","volume":"148","author":"Vested","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.01.021","article-title":"Associations of bisphenol A and polychlorinated biphenyls with spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in two biological fluids from men attending an infertility clinic","volume":"89-90","author":"Vitku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B83","volume-title":"Fertility and Pregnancy: An Epidemiologic Perspective","author":"Wilcox","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EM00424E","article-title":"Deterministic modeling of the exposure of individual participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"18","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B85","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"2022070318263728200_deac079-B86","volume-title":"Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants: Eightieth Report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Human Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/37\/7\/1594\/44386228\/deac079.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article-pdf\/37\/7\/1594\/44386228\/deac079.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T18:28:04Z","timestamp":1656872884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/humrep\/article\/37\/7\/1594\/6572207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deac079","relation":{},"ISSN":["0268-1161","1460-2350"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0268-1161","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2350","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]}}}