{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T07:20:28Z","timestamp":1788592828914,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IVF has traditionally involved transfer of fresh embryos. However, a \u2018freeze-all\u2019 strategy where all embryos are cryopreserved for transfer in subsequent, unstimulated cycles has emerged as an alternative approach. This is thought to eliminate the negative effects of controlled ovarian stimulation on the endometrium and reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). There are a growing number of studies evaluating live birth rates after use of a freeze-all versus fresh embryo transfer (ET) strategy. However, results to date are inconsistent. Certainly, the benefits of a freeze-all strategy appear to be less clear cut in ovulatory women with infertility, while those with a good ovarian response (more than 10 or 15 oocytes retrieved) may be suitable candidates. Variable responses to a freeze-all strategy compared with fresh ET have also been reported depending on whether cleavage stage embryos or blastocysts were transferred. In terms of safety, the risk of OHSS appears to be lower with a freeze-all strategy. For other safety endpoints, some appear to be better when a freeze-all approach is used (e.g. rates of pregnancy loss\/miscarriage, preterm delivery, low birthweight and small for gestational age) while other complications are more common (e.g. hypertensive disorders of pregnancy\/pre-eclampsia, large for gestational age and high birthweight). Preliminary longer-term data suggest that a freeze-all strategy does not have a negative impact on childhood development. Other factors to consider include time to pregnancy (longer after freeze-all) and the relative cost-effectiveness of the two approaches. Available data are too inconsistent to allow a freeze-all approach to be recommended for all patients. Instead, a personalized, balanced approach should be taken based on individual patient characteristics (especially steroid hormone levels on the day of trigger) and incorporating patient preference. While a freeze-all strategy might be the right choice for some patients, freeze-all is definitely not good for all.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T09:13:39Z","timestamp":1650964419000},"page":"1388-1393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Con: freeze-all for all? One size does not fit all"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6529-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan N","family":"Vuong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City , Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"IVFMD, My Duc Hospital and HOPE Research Center , Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.05.024","article-title":"Freezing of all embryos in in vitro fertilization is beneficial in high responders, but not intermediate and low responders: an analysis of 82,935 cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry","volume":"110","author":"Acharya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12264","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of freeze-all strategy: a retrospective analysis from a single ART center in Japan","volume":"18","author":"Asada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Med Biol"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey388","article-title":"Higher probability of live-birth in high, but not normal, responders after first frozen-embryo transfer in a freeze-only cycle strategy compared to fresh-embryo transfer: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Bosdou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0234481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234481","article-title":"Impact of elective frozen vs. fresh embryo transfer strategies on cumulative live birth: do deleterious effects still exist in normal & hyper responders?","volume":"15","author":"Boynukalin","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20150031","article-title":"The impact of serum progesterone levels on the results of in vitro fertilization treatments: a literature review","volume":"19","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBRA Assist Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1513873","article-title":"Fresh versus frozen embryos for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"375","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81518-X","article-title":"In premature luteinization, progesterone induces secretory transformation of the endometrium without impairment of embryo viability","volume":"68","author":"Chetkowski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.10.002","article-title":"Slightly lower incidence of ectopic pregnancies in frozen embryo transfer cycles versus fresh in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Decleer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2014.998726","article-title":"To freeze or not to freeze embryos: clarity, confusion and conflict","volume":"18","author":"Goswami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Fertil (Camb)"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.01.163","article-title":"Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome prevention by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist triggering of final oocyte maturation in a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol in combination with a \u201cfreeze-all\u201d strategy: a prospective multicentric study","volume":"95","author":"Griesinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah150","article-title":"Effect of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF on endometrial gene expression profiles","volume":"11","author":"Horcajadas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2022070318361887800_deac103-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1245","article-title":"Is frozen embryo transfer cycle associated with a significantly lower incidence of ectopic pregnancy? 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