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However, a reliable reference range for the T-bet\/GATA3 ratio during the peri-implantation period has not yet been established for use in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was a retrospective study carried out in a private fertility center. The control group included 120 women in couples undergoing IVF treatment for male infertility, who had experienced a live-birth baby following the first IVF cycle. The study group included 93 women diagnosed with RM that experienced at least two consecutive clinically spontaneous miscarriages before gestational week 12. The ratio of T-bet\/GATA3 was calculated in the control group and RM group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PARTICIPANTS\/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endometrium samples were collected at mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle prior to IVF treatment or pregnancy. The percentage of T-bet+ and GATA3+ cells in total endometrial cells was analyzed using immunohistochemical staining and quantitative analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using the 95th percentile to define the upper limits of the endometrial T-bet\/GATA3 ratio during the mid-luteal phase, the reference range of control fertile women was \u22640.22. Compared with the control group, the RM group exhibited a significantly higher T-bet\/GATA3 ratio (P\u2009=\u20090.02), and 19.4% (18\/93) women with RM exhibited a T-bet\/GATA3 ratio above the reference range in the mid-luteal phase.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All patients were recruited from a single center. The stability and clinical value of the endometrial T-bet\/GATA3 ratio require further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present study suggests that an abnormal endometrial T-bet\/GATA3 ratio may be one of the risk factors of RM. Further studies are needed to follow up the pregnancy outcomes in patients with RM with normal and abnormal endometrial T-bet\/GATA3 ratio according to the reference range.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>STUDY FUNDING\/COMPETING INTEREST(S)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work was supported by Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (JCYJ20180228164631121, JCYJ20190813161203606, JCYJ20220530172817039). There are no conflicts of interest to declare.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>N\/A.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T23:17:20Z","timestamp":1687648640000},"page":"1680-1689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparing the peri-implantation endometrial T-bet\/GATA3 ratio between control fertile women and patients with recurrent miscarriage: establishment and application of a reference range"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7536-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-Implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and 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